Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020 Jul;21(7):398-414. doi: 10.1038/s41580-020-0232-1. Epub 2020 Apr 6.
Multiple modes of cell death have been identified, each with a unique function and each induced in a setting-dependent manner. As billions of cells die during mammalian embryogenesis and daily in adult organisms, clearing dead cells and associated cellular debris is important in physiology. In this Review, we present an overview of the phagocytosis of dead and dying cells, a process known as efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is performed by macrophages and to a lesser extent by other 'professional' phagocytes (such as monocytes and dendritic cells) and 'non-professional' phagocytes, such as epithelial cells. Recent discoveries have shed light on this process and how it functions to maintain tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and organismal health. Here, we outline the mechanisms of efferocytosis, from the recognition of dying cells through to phagocytic engulfment and homeostatic resolution, and highlight the pathophysiological consequences that can arise when this process is abrogated.
已经确定了多种细胞死亡方式，每种方式都具有独特的功能，并且每种方式都是在依赖于环境的情况下诱导产生的。由于哺乳动物胚胎发生过程中会有数十亿个细胞死亡，并且在成年生物体中每天都会有细胞死亡，因此清除死亡细胞和相关细胞碎片在生理学中很重要。在这篇综述中，我们概述了吞噬死亡和垂死细胞的过程，即所谓的吞噬作用。吞噬作用由巨噬细胞完成，在较小程度上由其他“专业”吞噬细胞（如单核细胞和树突状细胞）和“非专业”吞噬细胞（如上皮细胞）完成。最近的发现揭示了这一过程及其如何维持组织内稳态、组织修复和生物体健康的功能。在这里，我们概述了吞噬作用的机制，从识别垂死细胞到吞噬作用的吞噬和内稳态的解决，并强调了当这个过程被破坏时可能出现的病理生理学后果。
