Barthalmus G T, Zielinski W J
Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7617.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1988 Aug;30(4):957-9. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(88)90126-8.
African clawed frogs fed to American water snakes induced yawning and gaping which slowed ingestion and facilitated the frogs' escape without inducing flavor aversion. The peptide and/or indolealkylamine contents of the frog's poison glands caused the effect because frogs with purged glands did not induce these behaviors and rarely escaped. Poison gland mucus, applied orally, elicited similar oral movements. The frog's clear lubricating mucus was inactive. As several compounds in the poison glands have known neuroleptic properties, the oral behaviors may be induced by neural mechanisms reported to govern neuroleptic-induced orofacial dyskinesia in schizophrenics.
喂给美洲水蛇的非洲爪蟾会引发打哈欠和张嘴行为，这减缓了吞咽过程，有助于蟾蜍逃脱，且不会引发味觉厌恶。蟾蜍毒腺中的肽和/或吲哚烷基胺成分导致了这种效应，因为毒腺已排空的蟾蜍不会引发这些行为，也很少逃脱。经口施用毒腺黏液会引发类似的口腔动作。蟾蜍清澈的润滑黏液则没有效果。由于毒腺中的几种化合物具有已知的抗精神病特性，这些口腔行为可能是由据报道在精神分裂症患者中控制抗精神病药物诱发口面部运动障碍的神经机制所诱发的。
