Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020 Jun 9;30(6):925-931. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.001. Epub 2020 Mar 12.
Growth differentiating factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-induced and cardio-protective cytokine, reported to be influenced by a number of cardiovascular risk factors. In older adults, GDF-15 associated with age, black ethnicity and smoking. It is important to determine if GDF-15 could potentially be used as an early marker of cardiovascular disease, especially in young populations. We investigated whether GDF-15 associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors (age, sex, ethnicity, blood pressure (BP), socio-economic status, waist-to-hip ratio, cholesterol, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol use) in young apparently healthy adults.
We included 1189 black and white participants (aged between 20 and 30 years). Questionnaires were used to collect demographic and physical activity data. We measured serum GDF-15, and performed 24-h ambulatory BP and pulse wave analysis. The following risk factors increased with increasing GDF-15 quartiles: age, black ethnicity, central systolic BP, 24-h diastolic BP, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, lipids, cotinine, smoking and alcohol use (all p trend ≤ 0.013). Socio-economic status and physical activity (p trend ≤ 0.014) were the lowest in the highest quartile. In multi-variable adjusted regression analyses GDF-15 associated with central systolic BP (β = 0.076; p = 0.027), age (β = 0.096; p = 0.006), low socio-economic status (β = -0.12; p = 0.003), physical inactivity (β = -0.18; p < 0.0001), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (β = 0.28; p < 0.0001) and cotinine (β = 0.12; p < 0.0001).
In young adults, GDF-15 associated independently with multiple traditional cardiovascular risk factors including higher central systolic blood pressure, older age, lower socio-economic status, physical inactivity, inflammation and smoking. These results suggest that GDF-15 is a promising biomarker for early identification of cardiovascular risk.
生长分化因子 15（GDF-15）是一种应激诱导和心脏保护细胞因子，据报道受多种心血管危险因素的影响。在老年人中，GDF-15 与年龄、黑种人和吸烟有关。重要的是要确定 GDF-15 是否有可能作为心血管疾病的早期标志物，特别是在年轻人群中。我们研究了 GDF-15 是否与传统心血管危险因素（年龄、性别、种族、血压（BP）、社会经济地位、腰臀比、胆固醇、体力活动不足、吸烟和饮酒）相关在年轻的健康成年人中。
我们纳入了 1189 名黑人和白人参与者（年龄在 20 至 30 岁之间）。使用问卷收集人口统计学和身体活动数据。我们测量了血清 GDF-15，并进行了 24 小时动态血压和脉搏波分析。以下风险因素随 GDF-15 四分位增加而增加：年龄、黑种人、中心收缩压、24 小时舒张压、肿瘤坏死因子-α、血脂、可替宁、吸烟和饮酒（所有 p 趋势≤0.013）。最高四分位数的社会经济地位和体力活动最低（p 趋势≤0.014）。在多变量调整后的回归分析中，GDF-15 与中心收缩压（β=0.076；p=0.027）、年龄（β=0.096；p=0.006）、低社会经济地位（β=-0.12；p=0.003）、体力活动不足（β=-0.18；p<0.0001）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（β=0.28；p<0.0001）和可替宁（β=0.12；p<0.0001）相关。
在年轻成年人中，GDF-15 独立于多种传统心血管危险因素相关，包括中心收缩压升高、年龄较大、社会经济地位较低、体力活动不足、炎症和吸烟。这些结果表明 GDF-15 是识别心血管风险的有前途的生物标志物。
