Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
Rutgers Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Newark, USA.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2020 Sep;45(3):145-152. doi: 10.1007/s10484-020-09459-y.
For many years it has been an axiom among practitioners of heart rate variability biofeedback that heart rate and breathing vary in phase with each other when people do resonance frequency breathing. When people breathe at the frequency of the baroreflex system, about 0.1 Hz, heart rate and blood pressure have been found to oscillate 180° out of phase, while heart rate and breathing are in phase (zero-degree phase). Thus breathing stimulates the baroreflex by augmenting the baroreflex response with each breath, an effect that is magnified by resonance properties in the baroreflex system. The original data on these relationships came from a study of highly athletic healthy young people. To test this relationship we analyzed phase relationship data between cardiac interbeat interval and breathing during 5-min periods of resonance frequency breathing among 24 adults from a recent study of heart rate variability biofeedback to treat adults with mild to moderate currently symptomatic asthma, ages between 18 and 70. For the specific frequency near 0.1 Hz with the highest amplitude of HRV we calculated coherence and phase between cardiac interbeat interval (IBI) and the respiration curve using the WinCPRS program. Among records with coherence > 0.8, we found a phase relationship of 109° rather than the expected 180°, with IBI changes leading breathing. We computed Spearman correlation coefficients between phase and various subject characteristics, including age, gender, height, and asthma severity. We found no relationship between phase and gender, height, or asthma physiology or symptoms. However, when controlled for gender and height, we found a moderate size significant correlation between phase and age, with younger participants having values closer to 180°, r = 0.47, p < 0.03. It is possible that cardiovascular characteristics of older people affect the phase relationship. Despite the deviation from the in-phase relationship among older individuals, breathing nevertheless stimulated the baroreflex and produced high-amplitude heart rate oscillations. Implications are discussed for HRV biofeedback training protocols. Replication in a healthy population is needed in order to determine the universality of these findings.
多年来，心率变异性生物反馈实践人员一直认为，当人们进行共振频率呼吸时，心率和呼吸彼此相位同步。当人们以血压反射系统的频率呼吸时，大约 0.1Hz，已经发现心率和血压以 180°的相位差进行振荡，而心率和呼吸则处于同相（零相位）。因此，呼吸通过每次呼吸增强血压反射反应来刺激血压反射，这种效应通过血压反射系统中的共振特性放大。这些关系的原始数据来自对高度运动的健康年轻人的研究。为了测试这种关系，我们分析了 24 名成年人在最近进行的心率变异性生物反馈治疗轻中度有症状哮喘的成年人的共振频率呼吸 5 分钟期间，心脏间搏动间隔和呼吸之间的相位关系数据。年龄在 18 到 70 岁之间。对于 HRV 振幅最高的特定接近 0.1Hz 的频率，我们使用 WinCPRS 程序计算了心脏间搏动间隔（IBI）和呼吸曲线之间的相干性和相位。在相干性 > 0.8 的记录中，我们发现相位关系为 109°，而不是预期的 180°，IBI 变化导致呼吸。我们计算了相位与各种受试者特征之间的 Spearman 相关系数，包括年龄、性别、身高和哮喘严重程度。我们发现相位与性别、身高或哮喘生理或症状之间没有关系。然而，当控制性别和身高时，我们发现相位与年龄之间存在中等大小的显著相关性，年轻参与者的值更接近 180°，r = 0.47，p < 0.03。可能是老年人的心血管特征影响了相位关系。尽管在年龄较大的个体中存在与同相关系的偏差，但呼吸仍然刺激了血压反射并产生了高振幅的心率振荡。讨论了这些发现对 HRV 生物反馈训练方案的影响。需要在健康人群中进行复制，以确定这些发现的普遍性。
