Decker W J
Clin Toxicol. 1977;10(1):23-35. doi: 10.3109/15563657708987957.
Labeling an individual a drug abuser has serious sociologic and legal implications that only laboratory testing can effectively allay. A proper specimen (both qualitatively and quantitatively) must be obtained for analysis. Positive identification of specimen with subject is of paramount importance. The problems of specimen substitution--other people's urine, tap water, apple juice--directly impinge here, as does the possibility of drug degradation by heat, light, and microbial attack and of drug adsorption by the container and urinary sediment. Confirmation of postives indicated by screening tests (thin layer chromatography and immunoassays) by gas chromatography and/or ultraviolet spectrophotometry is, in most situations, mandatory. An effective quality control program is an absolute requirement. Even under ideal circumstances, laboratory results can sometimes wrongly indicate the abuse of drugs; and conversely, drug abuse can take place without detection by the laboratory. As in any clinical situation, laboratory tests are only a part (albeit an important one) of the entire evaluation of the individual involved.
将一个人标记为药物滥用者会产生严重的社会学和法律影响，只有实验室检测才能有效消除这些影响。必须获取合适的样本（包括定性和定量）进行分析。样本与受检者的准确识别至关重要。样本替代问题——他人尿液、自来水、苹果汁——直接影响到检测结果，同样，热、光和微生物作用导致药物降解以及容器和尿沉渣对药物的吸附也会影响检测结果。在大多数情况下，必须通过气相色谱法和/或紫外分光光度法对筛查试验（薄层色谱法和免疫测定法）显示的阳性结果进行确认。有效的质量控制程序是绝对必要的。即使在理想情况下，实验室结果有时也可能错误地表明药物滥用；相反，药物滥用也可能未被实验室检测到。与任何临床情况一样，实验室检测只是对相关个体进行全面评估的一部分（尽管是重要的一部分）。
