Diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 after rupture of aneurysm and consequent fatal hemothorax.

Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) can develop both benign and malignant tumors throughout their lives. A 49-year-old man was transferred to the emergency department with complaints of sudden right dorsal pain and respiratory discomfort. He was in shock on arrival. On finding significantly decreased permeability of the left lung field in chest X-ray, drainage was immediately performed. Subsequent computed tomography (CT; Lammert et al., 2005) angiography revealed the extravasation of contrast media from the deep carotid artery, a branch of subclavian artery. It suggested rupture of an aneurysm located at a rare site; the ruptured aneurysm penetrated the pleura, causing shock. The patient was resuscitated. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE; Evans et al., 2010) was successfully performed. Immediate drainage, resuscitation, and TAE 2 improved his condition. Most NF1 patients have café-au-lait macules; café-au-lait macules tend to fade with age. Importantly, café-au-lait macules, neurofibromas, and Lisch nodules were noticed at admission. NF1 patients are likely to have a malignant neoplasm when they are young. The patient had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer when he was young. As his deceased mother was an NF1 patient, we diagnosed him with NF1. Detailed patient history and early-stage examination led to the early diagnosis. NF1 should be considered as an early differential diagnosis to improve the outcome of patients in such cases.