Anderson Annaliesa S, Scully Ingrid L, Pride Michael W, Jansen Kathrin U
Pfizer Vaccine Research & Development, Pearl River, New York, USA,
Pfizer Vaccine Research & Development, Pearl River, New York, USA.
Interdiscip Top Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;43:193-217. doi: 10.1159/000504481. Epub 2020 Apr 9.
Nosocomial infections represent a major global disease burden, and effective treatments are urgently needed, especially among older adult populations (≥65 years of age). With increasing age, risk factors for these infections increase due to underlying health conditions, immunosenescence, and increased contact with healthcare settings. In addition, many common nosocomial pathogens feature increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, compounding the problem and highlighting the need for prophylactic alternatives to antibiotic treatment, such as vaccines. In many cases, mortality rates associated with nosocomial pathogens that are antibiotic resistant are high. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of common nosocomial pathogens and diseases affecting older adult populations. Vaccines that are currently approved or in development for preventing disease caused by common nosocomial pathogens are also described. While important progress has been made in vaccine development for several pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus, there remains a crucial unmet need for vaccines to prevent the many common nosocomial infections, which disproportionately affect older adults.
医院感染是全球主要的疾病负担，迫切需要有效的治疗方法，尤其是在老年人群（≥65岁）中。随着年龄的增长，由于基础健康状况、免疫衰老以及与医疗机构接触增加，这些感染的风险因素也会增加。此外，许多常见的医院病原体对抗生素耐药率不断上升，使问题更加复杂，并凸显了对抗生素治疗预防性替代方法（如疫苗）的需求。在许多情况下，与耐抗生素医院病原体相关的死亡率很高。本章回顾了影响老年人群的常见医院病原体和疾病的流行病学。还描述了目前已获批或正在研发的用于预防由常见医院病原体引起疾病的疫苗。虽然针对艰难梭菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等几种病原体的疫苗研发已取得重要进展，但对于预防许多常见的医院感染（这些感染对老年人影响尤为严重）的疫苗，仍存在关键的未满足需求。
