Barriers, Facilitators, and Potential Solutions to Advancing Interoperable Clinical Decision Support: Multi-Stakeholder Consensus Recommendations for the Opioid Use Case.

With the advent of interoperability standards such as FHIR, SMART, CDS Hooks, and CQL, interoperable clinical decision support (CDS) holds great promise for improving healthcare. In 2018, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)-sponsored Patient-Centered CDS Learning Network (PCCDS LN) chartered a Technical Framework Working Group (TechFWG) to identify barriers, facilitators, and potential solutions for interoperable CDS, with a specific focus on addressing the opioid epidemic. Through an open, multi-stakeholder process that engaged 54 representatives from healthcare, industry, and academia, the TechFWG identified barriers in 6 categories: regulatory environment, data integration, scalability, business case, effective and useful CDS, and care planning and coordination. Facilitators and key recommendations were also identified for overcoming these barriers. The key insights were also extrapolated to CDS-facilitated care improvement outside of the specific opioid use case. If applied broadly, the recommendations should help advance the availability and impact of interoperable CDS delivered at scale.