Oncology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan.
Division of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Technology and Minimally Invasive Therapy, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Piazza Muratore, Lecce, Italy.
Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(18):2073-2086. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200422094205.
High-risk human papillomavirus strains are widely known to be the causative agents responsible for cervical cancer development. Aggregated damage caused by papillomaviruses solely is estimated in at least 5% of all malignancies of the human body and 16% in cancers that affect the female genital area. Enhanced understanding of the complex issue on how the high extent of carcinogenicity is eventually formed due to the infection by the Papoviridae family would contribute to enhancing current prevention strategies not only towards cervical cancer, but also other HPV associated cancers. This review article is aimed at presenting the key points in two directions: the current cervical cancer prevention and related aspects of HPV behavior. Virtually all applied technologies related to HPV diagnostics and screening programs, such as HPV tests, colposcopy-based tests (VIA/VILI), conventional and liquid-based cytology, currently available are presented. Issues of availability, advantages, and drawbacks of the screening programs, as well as vaccination strategies, are also reviewed in the article based on the analyzed sources. The current point of view regarding HPV is discussed with emphasis on the most problematic aspect of the HPV family concerning the observed increasing number of highly carcinogenic types. Present trends in HPV infection diagnostics throughout the human fluids and tissues are also reported, including the latest novelties in this field, such as HPV assay/self-sample device combinations. Besides, a brief outline of the related prevention issues in Kazakhstan, the leading country of Central Asia, is presented. Kazakhstan, as one of the post-soviet middle-income countries, may serve as an example of the current situation in those terrains, concerning the implementation of globally accepted cervical cancer prevention strategies. Along with positive achievements, such as the development of a nationwide screening program, a range of drawbacks is also analyzed and discussed.
高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）被广泛认为是导致宫颈癌发展的病原体。仅由 HPV 引起的聚合损伤估计至少占人体所有恶性肿瘤的 5%，在影响女性生殖区域的癌症中占 16%。增强对感染乳头瘤病毒科（Papoviridae）最终如何形成高度致癌性这一复杂问题的理解，将有助于加强当前的预防策略，不仅针对宫颈癌，还针对其他与 HPV 相关的癌症。本文旨在从两个方向介绍要点：当前的宫颈癌预防和 HPV 行为的相关方面。几乎所有与 HPV 诊断和筛查计划相关的应用技术，如 HPV 检测、基于阴道镜的检测（VIA/VILI）、传统和液基细胞学，都在本文中进行了介绍。本文还基于分析来源，审查了筛查计划的可用性、优势和缺点，以及接种策略。本文还讨论了当前对 HPV 的看法，重点强调了 HPV 家族中最具问题的方面，即观察到越来越多的高度致癌类型。本文还报告了人液和组织中 HPV 感染诊断的当前趋势，包括该领域的最新创新，如 HPV 检测/自采样设备组合。此外，还简要介绍了中亚领先国家哈萨克斯坦在相关预防问题上的情况。哈萨克斯坦作为前苏联中等收入国家之一，可以作为这些地区实施全球公认的宫颈癌预防策略的当前情况的一个例子。除了发展全国性的筛查计划等积极成果外，还分析和讨论了一系列缺点。
