Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo, Department of Environmental Analyses, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo-Brazil, R. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jun;27(18):23129-23140. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08650-2. Epub 2020 Apr 24.
Some Brazilian beaches are impacted by raw or poorly treated sewage. Thus, users (beachgoers, sports people, and children) are exposed to pathogens, which pose health concerns. This study aimed to estimate the probability of infection and disease by Giardia and Cryptosporidium, using the quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), for three groups of bathers: children, adults, and open water swimmers. The concentrations of (oo)cysts were taken from a study run by CETESB (Environmental Company of Sao Paulo State) throughout 2011 and 2012, in which 203 samples were collected monthly and analyzed for (oo)cysts of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Giardia was present in 43% of the samples, while Cryptosporidium in 13%. Infection probability was higher in beaches with more positive samples for Giardia cysts for the group of open water swimmers. In some cases, the highest annual risk obtained for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis was 2.4 × 10 and 8.9 × 10 for open water swimmers, respectively, exceeding the incidence results found in the epidemiological study run in summer of 1999 in São Paulo state coast. The results bring insights to improve environmental quality in order to protect tourists' and residents' wellbeing.
一些巴西海滩受到未经处理或处理不当的污水的影响。因此，使用者（海滩游客、运动员和儿童）会接触到病原体，这会对健康造成威胁。本研究旨在使用定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）来估计三种游泳者群体（儿童、成人和公开水域游泳者）感染贾第虫和隐孢子虫的概率和疾病。（oo）囊的浓度取自 CETESB（圣保罗州环境公司）在 2011 年和 2012 年进行的一项研究，其中每月采集 203 个样本并分析贾第虫和隐孢子虫的（oo）囊。43%的样本中存在贾第虫，13%的样本中存在隐孢子虫。对于公开水域游泳者群体，在贾第虫囊更易检出阳性的海滩上，感染的可能性更高。在某些情况下，针对隐孢子虫病和贾第虫病，公开水域游泳者获得的最高年风险分别为 2.4×10 和 8.9×10，超过了 1999 年夏季在圣保罗州海岸进行的流行病学研究中发现的发病率结果。研究结果有助于改善环境质量，以保护游客和居民的健康。
