Department of Psychology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
Department of Psychology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA.
Am J Community Psychol. 2020 Sep;66(1-2):39-52. doi: 10.1002/ajcp.12423. Epub 2020 Apr 27.
This longitudinal study examined outcomes of a local peace-building intervention that applied principles of intergroup contact to promote reconciliation between génocidaires and survivors whom they have directly harmed during the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda. Individual interviews were conducted with 46 génocidaires and 45 survivors whom they have directly harmed during the genocide at 7-time points over the course of their 22-month participation in three programmatic activities (workshops, cell groups, and cooperative cow raising). One thousand bootstrapped samples generated to measure changes in outcomes indicated that survivors and génocidaires regarded themselves and those who directly impacted them during the genocide more positively after 22 months. Although both survivors and génocidaires experienced significant decline in trauma symptomatology after 22 months, they responded to programmatic activities differently. Cell group interactions sustained some positive outcomes (génocidaires perceived forgiveness by others) after the workshops and further improved others (génocidaires self-forgiveness). Survivors who participated in cell groups and raised cows with génocidaires demonstrated further willingness to reconcile compared to survivors who participated in cell groups alone. Our findings empirically support the benefits of promoting different forms of intergroup interactions long after a period of intense violence and highlight the importance of considering how the trajectories of outcomes can inform program and theory development. HIGHLIGHTS: Survivors and génocidaires in Rwanda benefited from a local intergroup contact intervention (CI). However, génocidaires and survivors they directly harmed benefited differently over 22-months. Preparing survivors and génocidaires with skills to participate in communal life is critical for CI. Highlighting both CI outcomes and trajectories are essential for program and theory development.
本纵向研究考察了一项地方建设和平干预措施的结果，该措施应用群体间接触原则，促进在 1994 年卢旺达种族灭绝期间直接加害于图西族灭绝者和幸存者的双方和解。在 22 个月的时间里，参与者参加了三个方案活动（研讨会、小组和合作养牛），对 46 名灭绝者和 45 名在种族灭绝期间直接受到伤害的幸存者进行了 7 次个人访谈。为衡量结果的变化，生成了 1000 个自举样本，结果表明，在 22 个月后，幸存者和灭绝者对自己和那些在种族灭绝期间直接影响他们的人有了更积极的看法。尽管幸存者和灭绝者在 22 个月后创伤症状都有显著下降，但他们对方案活动的反应不同。小组互动在研讨会之后维持了一些积极的结果（灭绝者认为他人已经原谅他们），并进一步改善了其他结果（灭绝者自我原谅）。与只参加小组的幸存者相比，参加小组和与灭绝者一起养牛的幸存者表现出进一步和解的意愿。我们的研究结果从实证上支持了在一段激烈暴力之后促进不同形式群体间互动的好处，并强调了考虑结果轨迹如何为方案和理论发展提供信息的重要性。要点：卢旺达的幸存者和灭绝者从当地的群体间接触干预（CI）中受益。然而，在 22 个月的时间里，直接加害于他们的灭绝者和幸存者受益不同。为幸存者和灭绝者提供参与公共生活的技能对于 CI 至关重要。强调 CI 的结果和轨迹对于方案和理论发展至关重要。
