Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA.
UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, 1 Constitution Plaza, Suite 600, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA.
J Public Health Policy. 2020 Sep;41(3):303-320. doi: 10.1057/s41271-020-00228-z.
The United States (US) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides free infant formula to low-income families with infants. State WIC agencies periodically solicit bids from manufacturers for the exclusive contract to provide infant formula in exchange for considerable rebates. Using Nielsen 2006-2015 retail scanner data, we estimated a difference-in-difference model to examine how winning a WIC infant formula contract affects sales of the new (winning) and former brands, including effects on sales of products not eligible for WIC (spillover). One year following a contract change, volume sales of WIC infant formula increased 322% (p < 0.01) for the new brand and decreased 77% (p < 0.01) for the former brand. Spillover effects included a 43% increase in sales of toddler milks for the new brand 2 years after the contract change. State WIC contracts allow manufacturers to market formula directly to consumers and may reduce breastfeeding policy effectiveness.
美国（US）特别补充营养计划为妇女、婴儿和儿童（WIC）向有婴儿的低收入家庭提供免费婴儿配方奶粉。州 WIC 机构定期向制造商招标，以获得独家合同，提供婴儿配方奶粉，以换取大量回扣。利用尼尔森 2006-2015 年零售扫描器数据，我们估计了一个差分模型，以研究赢得 WIC 婴儿配方奶粉合同如何影响新（获胜）和旧品牌的销售，包括对不符合 WIC 资格的产品的销售影响（溢出效应）。在合同变更后的一年，新品牌的 WIC 婴儿配方奶粉销量增加了 322%（p<0.01），而旧品牌的销量下降了 77%（p<0.01）。溢出效应包括在合同变更后 2 年，新品牌幼儿牛奶的销售额增加了 43%。州 WIC 合同允许制造商直接向消费者推销配方奶粉，可能会降低母乳喂养政策的有效性。
