Hufnagel C A
Med Instrum. 1977 Mar-Apr;11(2):74-6.
Surgical attempts to open obstructed heart valves in the 1940s led to the eventual development of valvular prostheses, accompanied by the parallel development of methods of sustaining extracorporeal circulation; biocompatible materials; and engineering designs. Early problems encountered included the incidence of thrombotic phenomena, audibility of valvular noise, impaired flow dynamics, and hemo-incapability. These problems have been solved with increasing success with the creation of new plastics, the ball valve design, and improved manufacturing processes.
20世纪40年代，通过手术尝试打开受阻的心脏瓣膜，最终促成了瓣膜假体的发展，同时体外循环维持方法、生物相容性材料和工程设计也得到了同步发展。早期遇到的问题包括血栓形成现象的发生率、瓣膜噪音的可听性、血流动力学受损以及血液相容性问题。随着新型塑料的出现、球阀设计的改进和制造工艺的提升，这些问题已越来越成功地得到解决。
