TAp63γ influences mouse cartilage development.

Depletion of tumor protein p63 results in severe epithelial as well as limb defects in mice, suggesting that p63 is also required for endochondral ossification during long bone development. A key stage in endochondral ossification is chondrocyte hypertrophy, which has been associated with elevated levels of the p63 variant TAp63γ. To investigate the role of TAp63γ in chondrocyte differentiation and maturation, we developed stable TAp63γ expressing ATDC5 cells. Compared to control cells, cells showed significant upregulation of Col10a1 after 4 and 7 days in culture. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin red, and Alcian blue staining were stronger in cells, suggesting that TAp63γ promotes chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophic differentiation, and possibly matrix mineralization. To investigate the function of TAp63γ during endochondral bone formation, we established transgenic mice that express flag-tagged driven by regulatory elements. Skeletal staining of transgenic mice at postnatal day 1 showed accelerated ossification in long bone, tail, and digit bones compared to wild-type littermates. Furthermore, Sox9 expression was reduced and Runx2 expression was increased in the proliferative and/or hypertrophic zones of these mice. Altogether, these results suggest that TAp63γ promotes endochondral ossification and skeletal development, at least partially via controlling chondrocyte differentiation and maturation.