Development, Reproduction, and Life Table Parameters of the Foxglove Aphid, Kaltenbach (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on Soybean at Constant Temperatures.

We investigated several characteristics of the development and reproduction of the aphid raised on soybean () at 10 constant temperatures between 2.5 and 30 °C, and described the relationship between temperature and several critical biological characteristics using mathematical models. We found that could survive and reproduce on soybean at temperatures ranging from 5 to 27.5 °C. High fecundity was observed at temperatures from 12.5 to 20 °C. The lower developmental threshold and thermal constant for this species' nymphal stages were estimated to be 5.02 °C and 131.2 degree-days, respectively, using a linear model. The upper developmental threshold was estimated to be 33.9 °C using the Lactin-2 model. The optimum temperature for nymphal development was estimated to be 26.9 °C. The maximum total fecundity was estimated as ca. 76.9 nymphs per adult at 18.1 °C. The daily fecundity sharply increased at earlier adult ages, and slowly decreased thereafter until final parthenogenesis occurred, over a range of temperatures from 12.5 to 25 °C. The maximum daily fecundity was estimated to be ca. 6.1 nymphs per adult per day for a 5.2 day old of adult at 21.3 °C using an age- and temperature-dependent model of adult fecundity. In terms of life table statistics, the intrinsic rates of increase and the finite rate of increase were both highest at 25 °C, while the net reproductive rate was highest at 20 °C.