Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Sep;264:114733. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114733. Epub 2020 May 5.
Passive samplers are useful tools for monitoring hydrophobic, persistent, and potentially bioaccumulative contaminants in the environment. In this study, low density polyethylene passive samplers were deployed in urban-influenced and background nearshore freshwaters of northwestern Lake Ontario and analyzed for a broad range of both legacy halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). Non-targeted analysis was conducted for screening additional halogenated substances. For most compounds, concentrations were greatest in the industrialized Hamilton Harbour and more generally at sites that have stronger influences of wastewater effluent discharges and stormwater run-off through rivers and creeks. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remain the dominant class of HOCs in water, with dissolved-phase concentrations ranging from 10 to 4100 pg/L (ΣPCBs), followed by polybrominated diphenylethers (ΣPBDEs; 14-960 pg/L) and the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; 22-290 pg/L). Several non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (nBFRs) and chlorinated Dechlorane-related compounds were detected, with hexabromocyclododecanes (ΣHBCDD; sum of 3 diastereoisomers) the most abundant (1.0-21 pg/L). Non-targeted screening of samples by high resolution mass spectrometry using Kendrick mass defect plots for data analysis indicated that several other halogenated compounds were present in waters at relatively high abundances compared to the flame retardants, based on semi-quantitative estimates. These included methyl-triclosan, four halogenated anisoles (2,4,6-tribromoanisole, dimethyl-trichloroanisole, pentachloroanisole, and pentachlorothioanisole), and pentachloro-aniline. Dissolved-phase methyl-triclosan was estimated to contribute up to approximately 40% of the summed target HOC concentrations. Polyethylene passive samplers provided an excellent medium for both non-targeted screening of HOCs not currently included in monitoring programs and tracking brominated and chlorinated chemicals slated for reductions in uses and emissions through international (Stockholm Convention) and binational (Great Lakes) agreements.
被动采样器是监测环境中疏水性、持久性和潜在生物累积污染物的有用工具。在这项研究中，低密度聚乙烯被动采样器被部署在安大略湖北部受城市影响和背景近岸淡水中，用于分析广泛的既有卤代有机污染物 (HOCs) 和卤代阻燃剂 (HFRs)。进行了非靶向分析以筛选其他卤代物质。对于大多数化合物，在工业化的汉密尔顿港以及更普遍的那些受废水排放和河流和小溪径流水流影响更强的地点，浓度最高。多氯联苯 (PCBs) 仍然是水中 HOCs 的主要类别，其溶解相浓度范围为 10 至 4100 pg/L（ΣPCBs），其次是多溴二苯醚（ΣPBDEs；14-960 pg/L）和有机氯农药（OCPs；22-290 pg/L）。检测到几种非 PBDE 溴代阻燃剂 (nBFRs) 和氯代 Dechlorane 相关化合物，其中六溴环十二烷 (ΣHBCDD；3 个非对映异构体的总和) 最为丰富 (1.0-21 pg/L)。使用 Kendrick 质量缺陷图进行数据分析的高分辨率质谱对样品进行非靶向筛选表明，与阻燃剂相比，根据半定量估计，水中存在几种其他卤代化合物，其丰度相对较高。其中包括三氯生、四种卤代苯甲醚（2,4,6-三溴苯甲醚、二甲三氯苯甲醚、五氯苯甲醚和五氯苯硫醚）和五氯苯胺。估计溶解相中三氯生的贡献高达目标 HOC 浓度总和的约 40%。聚乙烯被动采样器为当前监测计划中未包含的 HOC 进行非靶向筛选以及跟踪拟通过国际（斯德哥尔摩公约）和双边（大湖）协议减少使用和排放的溴化和氯化化学品提供了极好的介质。
