Overcoming Immunological Challenges to Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Long-Term Expression in Mouse Airways.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator () gene, and CF patients require life-long treatment. Although modulators show a great potential for treating most CF patients, some individuals may not tolerate the treatment. In addition, there is no effective therapy for patients with some rare mutations, such as class I CF mutations, which lead to a lack of protein production. Therefore, other therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy, have to be investigated. Currently, immune responses to gene therapy vectors and transgene products are a major obstacle to applying CF gene therapy to clinical applications. In this study, we examined the effects of cyclophosphamide on the modulation of host immune responses and for the improvement of the transgene expression in the repeated delivery of helper-dependent adenoviral (HD-Ad) vectors to mouse lungs. We have found that cyclophosphamide significantly decreased the expression of T cell genes, such as CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) and CD4, and reduced their infiltration into mouse lung tissues. We have also found that the levels of the anti-adenoviral antibody and neutralizing activity as well as B-cell infiltration into the mouse lung tissues were significantly reduced with this treatment. Correspondingly, the expression of the human transgene has been significantly improved with cyclophosphamide administration compared to the group with no treatment. These data suggest that the sustained expression of the human transgene in mouse lungs through repeated vector delivery can be achieved by transient immunosuppression.