Biomarkers of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy:: Which Ones are Clinically Important?

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a common complication after intravascular injection of iodinated contrast media, and it is associated with a prolonged in-hospital stay and unfavorable outcome. CI-AKI occurs in 5% to 20% among hospitalized patients. Its diagnosis relies on the increase in serum creatinine levels, which is a late biomarker of kidney injury. Novel and early serum and urinary biomarkers have been identified to detect kidney damage before the expected serum creatinine increase.