Bhushan Bharat
Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2020 Oct 1;577:127-162. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.040. Epub 2020 May 21.
The word "nanotribology" was introduced for the first time in the title of a paper and a book in 1995. This field encompasses fundamental studies of surface characterization, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, and lubrication at the atomic scale. At most solid-solid interfaces of technological relevance, contact occurs at numerous asperities. It is of importance to investigate a single asperity contact in the fundamental tribological studies. A nanoprobe sliding on a surface in probe-based microscopies, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) at ultralow loads, simulates one such contact. AFMs and depth-sensing nanoindentation techniques are also used for nanomechanical characterization. The field is referred to as nanomechanics. AFMs can also be used for nanoelectrical characterization which includes electrical resistance, surface potential, and capacitance mapping. Research in the field of nanotribology and nanomechanics was initiated by or for the magnetic storage industry in the late 1980s. Later in the mid-1990s, nanotribology and nanomechanics research became important in bio/nanotechnology devices which involve relative motion, as well as ultrathin films. Adhesion, friction and wear issues in bio/nanotechnology devices led to the development of the field of bio/nanotribology. Research in ultrathin films used in the cosmetic industry, including hair, hair conditioner, skin, and skin cream, led to development of the field of nanotribology in cosmetics. Biologically inspired design, adaptation, or derivation from nature, referred to as biomimetics or bioinspiration, can guide us to initiate and produce nanomaterials, nanodevices, and processes in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. So called, green nanotribology research is important in this field. This perspective article presents an overview of fundamental understanding of nanotribology and nanomechanics and their applications in various fields ranging from magnetic storage, bio/nanotechnology, hair and hair conditioner, skin and skin cream, and bioinspiration (green nanotribology).
“纳米摩擦学”一词于1995年首次出现在一篇论文和一本书的标题中。该领域涵盖了在原子尺度上对表面表征、粘附、摩擦、划痕、磨损和润滑的基础研究。在大多数具有技术相关性的固-固界面中，接触发生在众多粗糙表面上。在基础摩擦学研究中，研究单个粗糙表面接触非常重要。在基于探针的显微镜技术中，如在超低负载下的原子力显微镜（AFM）中，纳米探针在表面上滑动，模拟了这样一种接触。AFM和深度传感纳米压痕技术也用于纳米力学表征。该领域被称为纳米力学。AFM还可用于纳米电学表征，包括电阻、表面电位和电容映射。纳米摩擦学和纳米力学领域的研究始于20世纪80年代末的磁存储行业，或由该行业发起。后来在20世纪90年代中期，纳米摩擦学和纳米力学研究在涉及相对运动的生物/纳米技术设备以及超薄膜中变得重要起来。生物/纳米技术设备中的粘附、摩擦和磨损问题导致了生物/纳米摩擦学领域的发展。化妆品行业中使用的超薄膜研究，包括头发、护发素、皮肤和面霜，促成了化妆品纳米摩擦学领域的发展。受生物启发的设计、适应或源于自然的衍生，即所谓的仿生学或生物灵感，可以引导我们以可持续和环境友好的方式开发和生产纳米材料、纳米器件及工艺。因此，所谓的绿色纳米摩擦学研究在该领域很重要。这篇综述文章概述了对纳米摩擦学和纳米力学的基本理解及其在从磁存储、生物/纳米技术、头发和护发素、皮肤和面霜到生物灵感（绿色纳米摩擦学）等各个领域的应用。
