Concentration dependent neural differentiation and neurite extension of mouse ESC on primary amine-derivatized surfaces.

Cell sourcing continues to be a significant limitation to regenerative medicine especially in neural lineages where population heterogeneity during in vitro culture prevents definitive phenotype assessment. For nearly 40 years, the biological community has worked with amine-derivated surfaces and hydrogels, especially alginate, with little quantitative assessment of how local amine concentration influences the extent of neural differentiation and neurite extension. In this manuscript we show that the local concentration of amines distinctly influences mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lineage commitment and the length of neurite extensions both of which are early indicators of differentiation. The well-defined amine gradients are a highly relevant tool for identifying these critical concentrations and thresholds. We feel these results will be of critical importance to researchers developing new ex vivo culture materials for neural applications as well as the community exploring nerve regeneration in vivo.