Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, 999 Moo 5, Sai 4 Phuttamonthon Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
Pollution Control Department, 92 Soil Phaholyothin 7, Phaholyothin Rd., Samsennai, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
Environ Monit Assess. 2020 Jun 3;192(7):413. doi: 10.1007/s10661-020-08350-x.
The loads of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the Chao Phraya River Basin (CPRB), Thailand were analyzed in terms of how they were generated (BOD), stocked in the environment (BOD), and discharged into the Chao Phraya River (BOD) using material flow analysis. BOD from the industrial sector was the highest; however, BOD and BOD from this point source were not significantly higher than those from the domestic sector. BOD, BOD, and BOD from swine farming and aquaculture across the river basin were lower than those from the domestic and industrial sectors. Of the total 251,884 tons per year (t/year) BOD, 49,614 t/year were in the upper river section, 35,976 t/year in the middle river section, and 166,294 t/year in the lower river section. These amounts were more than the carrying capacities of the relevant river sections (i.e., 7230 t/year, 18,380 t/year, and 37,851 t/year of the BOD loads for the upper, middle, and lower river sections, respectively). The first priority in BOD reduction in the CPRB should emphasize domestic wastewater by increasing wastewater treatment efficiency and onsite installations of wastewater treatment systems, while the second should be on paddy fields and other nonpoint sources. Specific best management practices may be considered, e.g., creating constructed wetlands or preserving riverbank vegetation as natural swales to alleviate BOD discharge from agricultural activities into water sources.
采用物质流分析方法，分析了泰国湄公河流域（CPRB）生化需氧量（BOD）的负荷，包括其产生（BOD）、在环境中储存（BOD）和排入湄公河（BOD）的情况。工业部门产生的 BOD 最高；然而，该点源的 BOD 和 BOD 并不显著高于来自家庭部门的 BOD。来自流域内养猪和水产养殖的 BOD、BOD 和 BOD 低于家庭和工业部门。在每年 251884 吨 BOD 中，49614 吨位于上游河段，35976 吨位于中游河段，166294 吨位于下游河段。这些数量超过了相关河段的承载能力（即，上游、中游和下游河段的 BOD 负荷分别为 7230 吨/年、18380 吨/年和 37851 吨/年）。在 CPRB 减少 BOD 方面，应首先强调生活污水，提高污水处理效率并在现场安装污水处理系统，其次是稻田和其他非点源。可以考虑具体的最佳管理实践，例如，创建人工湿地或保护河岸植被作为天然洼地，以减轻农业活动向水源排放的 BOD。
