Modulations of surface thermal environment and agricultural activity on intraseasonal variations of summer diurnal temperature range in the Yangtze River Delta of China.

Compared with interdecadal, interannual, or seasonal scales, the variations of diurnal temperature range (DTR) at the intraseasonal scale and their driving forces are less understood. Using surface meteorological observations and multi-source satellite retrievals during 2013-2017, together with Random Forest modeling, this study examines the intraseasonal variation of summer DTR in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China, and determines its potential driving factors [i.e., daily maximum/minimum surface air temperature (SAT/SAT), sunshine duration (SSD), rainfall, altitude, land vegetation cover, and land surface thermal environment including daytime/nighttime land surface temperature (LST/LST) and anthropogenic heat flux (AHF)]. It is found that the intraseasonal variation of DTR at both 8-day and monthly scales in the YRD exhibits regional differences and is modulated by different primary factors across the region. The evident intraseasonal variation of DTR, with a peak in June, in the northern YRD, is largely attributable to nighttime temperatures (SAT and LST), which in turn are mainly attributable to different LST responses to the underlying surface cover changes associated with crop rotation. In contrast, as the YRD metropolitan area (MYRD) is covered by a large proportion of built-up surfaces, and the weather stations there are surrounded by a higher surface thermal environment and AHF, the MYRD has stably higher LST and SAT in the whole summer season. Thus, the summer DTR in the MYRD exhibits marginal intraseasonal variations. In the southern YRD, there is also a distinct DTR characteristic, with a maximum in July and minimum in June, since this region is largely covered by forests with constantly high-density vegetation cover, and its DTR variation is mainly forced by SSD, which directly affects SAT. The findings reported here have important implications for understanding the influences of human activities on regional climate and environmental change for other regions of the world that experience various external forcings.