Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that results in severe inflammatory microenvironments in the joint tissues. In clinics, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are generally prescribed to patients with RA, but their long-term use often shows toxicity in some organs such as the gastrointestinal system, skin, and kidneys and immunosuppression-mediated infection. Nanomedicine has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy to efficiently localize the drugs in inflamed joints for the treatment of RA. In this Review, we introduce recent research in the area of nanomedicine for the treatment of RA and discuss how the nanomedicine can be used to deliver therapeutic agents to the inflamed joints and manage the progression of RA, particularly focusing on targeted delivery, controlled drug release, and immune modulation.