Biology and Management of -An Emerging Weed Problem in No-Till Cropping Systems in Europe.

Recently, has become a problematic grass weed species in parts of Europe. It is most common in no-till cropping systems. The inherent tolerance to several selective grass weed herbicides is of serious concern to the successful management of in arable farming. Here, we reviewed the available knowledge about the biology of to identify knowledge gaps and assess management efforts to identify best practices for control. is a winter-annual species producing seeds with a short dormancy that can germinate at a wide range of conditions. Seed longevity in the soil is short. Little information is available on the influence of on crop yield but some results suggest that yield losses can be significant. The findings provide a better understanding of the weedy characteristics of and highlight that management strategies in Europe need to be diversified and integrate preventive and cultural control methods. Finally, we identify some of the management tools that should be considered to minimize the impact of on European farming and future needs for research to develop sustainable integrated weed management strategies.