Hunan University of Medicine, No. 492 Jinxi South Road, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China.
Department of Toxicology, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China.
Int Breastfeed J. 2020 Jun 5;15(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13006-020-00293-w.
Breast milk is the optimal food for infant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between breast milk macronutrient composition with dietary pattern among lactating women.
A total of 220 lactating women from 2011 to 2012 in Changsha, a city of south-central China, was recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Breast milk was collected, and the protein, fat, lactose, total dry matter, and energy contents of breast milk were measured. A 24 h recall method on three consecutive days was used to collect the dietary information of lactating women and an exploratory factor analysis was performed was to identify dietary patterns. The association between the concentration of a breast milk component and dietary pattern was assessed using a multivariable linear regression model.
Three major dietary patterns were classified. Lactating women with dietary pattern 1 mainly ate fresh vegetables and fresh legumes. Those with dietary pattern 2 mainly ate red meat, cereals and eggs, and those with dietary pattern 3 mainly ate fungi and algae, dries legumes and soy milk. Pattern 2 was positively associated with the concentration of protein (B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.00, 0.15), total dry matter (B = 0.20, 95% CI 0.02, 0.38) and energy (B = 1.66, 95% CI 0.03, 3.30) in breast milk. Morever, lactation period was negatively associated with the protein and total dry matter concentrations and positively associated with lactose.
The results show the lactation period was an important factor affecting milk composition and a dietary pattern with high intake of red meat, cereals, and eggs was associated with higher protein, total dry matter, and energy contents in breast milk. These findings show that the dietary patterns of lactating women can affect breast milk macronutrient composition and provide a foundation for improving child health.
母乳是婴儿生长发育的最佳食物。本研究旨在评估哺乳期妇女母乳宏量营养素组成与饮食模式之间的关系。
采用多阶段抽样方法，于 2011 年至 2012 年在湖南省长沙市招募了 220 名哺乳期妇女。采集母乳，并测定母乳中蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、总干物质和能量含量。采用连续 3 天 24 小时回顾法收集哺乳期妇女的饮食信息，并进行探索性因子分析以确定饮食模式。采用多变量线性回归模型评估母乳中某一成分浓度与饮食模式的关系。
共分为 3 种主要饮食模式。饮食模式 1 的哺乳期妇女主要食用新鲜蔬菜和新鲜豆类；饮食模式 2 的哺乳期妇女主要食用红肉类、谷物和蛋类；饮食模式 3 的哺乳期妇女主要食用真菌和藻类、干豆类和豆浆。饮食模式 2 与母乳中蛋白质（B=0.07，95%CI0.00，0.15）、总干物质（B=0.20，95%CI0.02，0.38）和能量（B=1.66，95%CI0.03，3.30）的浓度呈正相关。此外，哺乳期与蛋白质和总干物质浓度呈负相关，与乳糖浓度呈正相关。
研究结果表明，哺乳期是影响乳汁成分的重要因素，而摄入大量红肉类、谷物和蛋类的饮食模式与母乳中蛋白质、总干物质和能量含量较高有关。这些发现表明，哺乳期妇女的饮食模式会影响母乳的宏量营养素组成，为改善儿童健康提供了依据。
