Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Rīgas iela 22, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia.
Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2019 May 20;55(5):173. doi: 10.3390/medicina55050173.
: Many studies indicate that the maternal diet is an important factor affecting human milk composition. Human milk composition among lactating women in Latvia, as well as the maternal diet during lactation, has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this research was to assess dietary habits and macronutrient intake among lactating women in Latvia and to examine the effect of diet on human milk composition. : Research was conducted between November 2016 and December 2017. Mature human milk samples ( = 61) along with a 72h food diary, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a questionnaire about maternal and infant characteristics were obtained from voluntary women who were recruited via an invitation published in a social media member group for nursing mothers. Fat content in human milk was determined by LVS ISO 2446:2008, protein content was determined by LVS EN ISO 8968-1:2014, lactose was determined by ISO 22662:2007, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. Dietary data were evaluated using the Finnish food composition database Fineli, release 19 (3 March 2018). : Median values for fat, protein, and lactose in mature human milk were 4.40%, 1.08%, and 6.52%, respectively. Predominant fatty acids in human milk were oleic acid (C18:1 n9), palmitic acid (C16:0), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) at 34.60%, 24.00%, and 11.00% of total fatty acids, respectively. The elaidic acid (C18:1 n9) level was <0.10% in all human milk samples. Significant, positive associations ( < 0.05) were found between maternal dietary intake of linoleic, α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic, total -monounsaturated, total -polyunsaturated, and total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6/n-3, and the level of these fatty acids in human milk. Total energy and carbohydrate intake among participants were lower, but total fat, saturated fat, and sugar intake were higher than recommended. Protein, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid intake were adequate, but docosahexaenoic acid intake was noticeably lower than recommended. Women should be supported with information regarding their nutritional needs during lactation and the possible impact of diet on human milk composition. : Macronutrient (fat, protein, and lactose) content in human milk is not affected by maternal diet. Conversely, the human milk fatty acid profile is affected by the immediate diet consumed by the mother. Habitual dietary habits can also impact the fatty acid profile of human milk.
许多研究表明，产妇的饮食是影响人乳成分的一个重要因素。拉脱维亚哺乳期妇女的人乳成分以及哺乳期的产妇饮食尚未得到充分研究。本研究旨在评估拉脱维亚哺乳期妇女的饮食习惯和宏量营养素摄入量，并研究饮食对人乳成分的影响。
研究于 2016 年 11 月至 2017 年 12 月进行。从通过在社交媒体哺乳母亲成员组发布的邀请招募的自愿妇女中获得成熟的人乳样本（n=61），以及 72 小时饮食记录、食物频率问卷（FFQ）和关于母婴特征的问卷。人乳中的脂肪含量通过 LVS ISO 2446:2008 确定，蛋白质含量通过 LVS EN ISO 8968-1:2014 确定，乳糖通过 ISO 22662:2007 确定，脂肪酸谱通过气相色谱法分析。使用芬兰食品成分数据库 Fineli，版本 19（2018 年 3 月 3 日）评估饮食数据。
成熟人乳中脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖的中位数分别为 4.40%、1.08%和 6.52%。人乳中主要的脂肪酸分别为油酸（C18:1 n9）、棕榈酸（C16:0）和亚油酸（C18:2 n6），占总脂肪酸的 34.60%、24.00%和 11.00%。所有人乳样本中亚油酸（C18:1 n9）水平均<0.10%。母体饮食中亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸、总-单不饱和、总-多不饱和和总 n-6 和 n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸、n-6/n-3 比值以及这些脂肪酸在人乳中的水平之间存在显著正相关（<0.05）。参与者的总能量和碳水化合物摄入较低，但总脂肪、饱和脂肪和糖摄入较高。蛋白质、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的摄入量充足，但二十二碳六烯酸的摄入量明显低于推荐量。应向哺乳期妇女提供有关其营养需求和饮食对人乳成分可能影响的信息。
宏量营养素（脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖）在人乳中的含量不受产妇饮食的影响。相反，人乳脂肪酸谱受母亲即时饮食的影响。习惯性饮食习惯也会影响人乳的脂肪酸谱。
