Gram Lu, Kanougiya Suman, Daruwalla Nayreen, Osrin David
University College London, Institute for Global Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
SNEHA, Prevention of Violence Against Women, Mumbai, India.
Wellcome Open Res. 2020 Jun 29;5:22. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15707.2. eCollection 2020.
A growing number of global health interventions involve community members in activism to prevent violence against women (VAW), but the psychological drivers of participation are presently ill-understood. We developed a new scale for measuring three proposed drivers of participation in collective action to address VAW in the context of urban informal settlements in Mumbai, India: perceived legitimacy, perceived efficacy, and collective action norms. We did a household survey of 1307 men, 1331 women, and 4 trans persons. We checked for 1) social desirability bias by comparing responses to self-administered and face-to-face interviews, 2) acquiescence bias by comparing responses to positive and negatively worded items on the same construct, 3) factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis, and 4) convergent validity by examining associations between construct scores and participation in groups to address VAW and intent to intervene in case of VAW. Of the ten items, seven showed less than five percentage point difference in agreement rates between self-administered and face-to-face conditions. Correlations between opposite worded items on the same construct were negative (p<0.05), while correlations between similarly worded items were positive (p<0.001). A hierarchical factor structure showed adequate fit (Tucker-Lewis index, 0.919; root mean square error of approximation, 0.036; weighted root mean square residual, 1.949). Comparison of multi-group models across gender, education, caste, and marital status showed little evidence against measurement invariance. Perceived legitimacy, efficacy and collective action norms all predicted participation in groups to address VAW and intent to intervene in case of VAW, even after adjusting for social capital (p<0.05). This is the first study to operationalize a measure of the psychological drivers of participation in collective action to address VAW in a low- and middle-income context. Our novel scale may provide insight into modifiable beliefs and attitudes community mobilisation interventions can address to inspire activism in similar low-resource contexts.
越来越多的全球卫生干预措施让社区成员参与到预防暴力侵害妇女行为（VAW）的行动主义中，但目前对参与的心理驱动因素了解甚少。我们开发了一个新量表，用于衡量在印度孟买城市非正式住区背景下参与解决暴力侵害妇女行为集体行动的三个假定驱动因素：感知合法性、感知效能和集体行动规范。我们对1307名男性、1331名女性和4名跨性别者进行了家庭调查。我们检查了：1）通过比较自我管理访谈和面对面访谈的回答来检查社会期望偏差；2）通过比较同一结构上正面和负面措辞项目的回答来检查默许偏差；3）使用验证性因素分析检查因素结构；4）通过检查结构得分与参与解决暴力侵害妇女行为的团体以及在暴力侵害妇女行为发生时进行干预的意图之间的关联来检查收敛效度。在这十个项目中，有七个在自我管理和面对面条件下的同意率差异小于五个百分点。同一结构上相反措辞项目之间的相关性为负（p<0.05），而措辞相似项目之间的相关性为正（p<0.001）。分层因素结构显示拟合良好（塔克-刘易斯指数，0.919；近似均方根误差，0.036；加权均方根残差，1.949）。跨性别、教育程度、种姓和婚姻状况的多组模型比较显示，几乎没有证据表明存在测量不变性。即使在调整了社会资本之后，感知合法性、效能和集体行动规范都预测了参与解决暴力侵害妇女行为的团体以及在暴力侵害妇女行为发生时进行干预的意图（p<0.05）。这是第一项在低收入和中等收入背景下对参与解决暴力侵害妇女行为集体行动的心理驱动因素进行量化测量的研究。我们的新量表可能有助于深入了解社区动员干预措施可以解决的可改变信念和态度，以激发类似低资源背景下的行动主义。
