State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
Aquat Toxicol. 2020 Aug;225:105542. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105542. Epub 2020 Jun 13.
Visual system is increasingly recognized as a sensitive target of xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. Various environmental pollutants of distinct physicochemical properties are able to impair the retinal development and function of teleost fishes, including dioxin-like pollutants, flame retardants, pesticides, perfluoroalkyl acids, retinoic acids and metals. Considering the availability of developmental and functional database, zebrafish has been the most frequently used as the teleost model to study aquatic visual toxicology. A diversity of visual deficits has been displayed for fishes across multiple levels of biological organizations (e.g., molecule, cell, histology, physiology and behavior). Covering sensitive developmental windows of eyes during early embryogenesis, acute or chronic exposure to xenobiotics can disturb the expressions of visual gene and protein markers, which affect the retinal neurogenesis and induce degeneration of neurons. Morphological structures and physiological responses of retina and optic tectum are then disorganized, eventually compromising the performance of visually-mediated behaviors and recruitment of individuals. Environmental pollutants can cross the blood-retina barrier and accumulate in eyes, which might impact visual system directly. In addition, pollutants are very likely to interrupt retinal development and function indirectly by disturbing the signaling of retinoids and thyroid. However, exact mechanisms of visual toxicity are largely unknown currently. In this review, the development and structure of retina and available tools for studying visual science are described briefly. Advances in visual toxicology are summarized in detail and outlooks for future visual toxicity studies are discussed.
视觉系统正日益被认为是水生生态系统中外来化合物的敏感靶标。具有不同物理化学性质的各种环境污染物能够损害硬骨鱼类的视网膜发育和功能，包括类二恶英污染物、阻燃剂、农药、全氟烷基酸、视黄酸和金属。考虑到发育和功能数据库的可用性，斑马鱼已成为最常用于研究水生视觉毒理学的硬骨鱼模型。在多个生物组织水平上（例如，分子、细胞、组织学、生理学和行为），鱼类表现出多种视觉缺陷。在早期胚胎发生期间覆盖眼睛的敏感发育窗口，急性或慢性暴露于外来化合物会干扰视觉基因和蛋白标志物的表达，从而影响视网膜神经发生并诱导神经元变性。视网膜和视顶盖的形态结构和生理反应随后变得紊乱，最终损害个体的视觉介导行为和招募。环境污染物可以穿透血视网膜屏障并在眼睛中积累，这可能直接影响视觉系统。此外，污染物很可能通过干扰视黄酸和甲状腺素的信号传递而间接地干扰视网膜发育和功能。然而，目前视觉毒性的确切机制在很大程度上尚不清楚。在这篇综述中，简要描述了视网膜的发育和结构以及研究视觉科学的可用工具。详细总结了视觉毒理学的进展，并讨论了未来视觉毒性研究的展望。
