School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Oct;27(28):35535-35555. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09718-9. Epub 2020 Jun 27.
Trade openness is one of the main channels of globalization and technological transfers. In environmental economic literature, the implications of trade openness remain controversial and still could be potential drivers of carbon dioxide emissions. This study therefore explores the effect of trade openness in developed countries using EU-18 economies. We employed an econometric approach that accounts for cross-section dependence among study variables. The panel CIPS and CADF unit root show that the variables are stationary and the long-run relationship was confirmed in Westerlund cointegration tests. The mean group (MG) and augmented mean group (AMG) results show that trade openness increases CO-emissions in EU-18. Again, energy consumption and urbanization escalate emissions. The study confirmed the environmental Kuznets curve. Finally, pollution halo and pollution haven hypothesis were confirmed at both estimation methods. The Dumetriscu-Hurlin Granger causality test results confirmed bidirectional causality between trade openness and energy consumption and between trade openness and economic growth. Again, unidirectional Granger causality is running from trade openness and CO emissions. Policy recommendations are further proposed.
贸易开放是全球化和技术转让的主要渠道之一。在环境经济学文献中，贸易开放的影响仍然存在争议，仍然可能是二氧化碳排放的潜在驱动因素。因此，本研究利用欧盟 18 个经济体探讨了发达国家的贸易开放度的影响。我们采用了一种计量经济学方法，该方法考虑了研究变量之间的横截面相关性。面板 CIPS 和 CADF 单位根检验表明，变量是稳定的，并且在 Westerlund 协整检验中确认了长期关系。均值组（MG）和扩展均值组（AMG）的结果表明，贸易开放度增加了欧盟 18 个国家的 CO 排放量。此外，能源消耗和城市化进程加剧了排放。该研究证实了环境库兹涅茨曲线。最后，在两种估计方法中都证实了污染光环和污染避难所假说。杜梅特里斯科-赫林格兰杰因果关系检验结果证实了贸易开放度与能源消耗之间以及贸易开放度与经济增长之间的双向因果关系。同样，从贸易开放度到 CO 排放存在单向格兰杰因果关系。进一步提出了政策建议。
