An in vivo evaluation of induced chondrogenesis by decellularized extracellular matrix particles.

Bioengineered scaffolds composed of synthetic materials and extracellular matrix (ECM) components can offer a tissue-specific microenvironment capable of regulating cells to regenerate the structure and function of the native cartilage. Here, given the potential preservation of biomechanical and biochemical cues found in the native cartilage, particulate decellularized ECM (DC-ECM) was utilized for immobilization on the surface of nanofibrous scaffolds. Afterward, the chondro-inductive potential and ectopic cartilage formation after subcutaneous implantation of bioengineered DC-ECM scaffolds were investigated in mice model. Eight weeks post-implantation, no growth of considerable inflammatory response and neovascularization was observed in histological images of bioengineered DC-ECM scaffolds. Pre-seeded bioengineered scaffolds with human adipose-derived stem cells exhibited high levels of chondro-induction capability, indicated with immunohistochemical and gene expression results. In both interval times, we also observed chondrogenesis and tissue formation after implanting unseeded bioengineered scaffolds, which denote that the presence of DC-ECM particles can even enhance attachment and migration of the host cells and induce chondrogenesis to them. To sum up, the incorporation of DC-ECM materials to tissue engineered constructs is a promising avenue to mimic the native tissue environment for regulation of cartilage regeneration in both in vivo and in vitro settings.