Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; Research Institute Nature and Forest, Brussels 1000, Belgium.
Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 1;741:140369. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140369. Epub 2020 Jun 20.
Resource distribution, predation risk and disturbance in space and time can affect how animals use their environment. To date few studies have assessed the spatiotemporal trade-off between resource acquisition and avoidance of risks and human disturbance in small protected areas embedded in an urban matrix. A better understanding of the forage-safety trade-off in urban protected areas (UPA) is key to the design of evidence-based approaches to deal with the ever-increasing human-wildlife impacts typical of UPA. Herein, we analyzed camera trap data to evaluate how two ungulate species trade fear for food in a 60 km human-dominated UPA without natural predators. We found that wild boar (Sus scrofa) were predominantly active at night, while roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) showed a typical bimodal crepuscular activity pattern. Occupancy analysis indicated that deciduous forest and the presence of high seats for hunting played an important role in determining the space use of wild boar. For roe deer, we found indications that the presence of forest influenced space use, although the null model was retained among the top ranked models. Our results confirm that wild boar and roe deer are able to thrive in heavily human dominated landscapes characterized by intensive recreational use and hunting, such as protected areas embedded in an urban matrix.
资源分布、捕食风险和时空干扰会影响动物如何利用其环境。迄今为止，很少有研究评估在嵌入城市基质的小型保护区中，资源获取与避免风险和人为干扰之间的时空权衡。更好地了解城市保护区（UPA）中的觅食-安全权衡，是设计基于证据的方法来应对 UPA 中日益增加的人与野生动物影响的关键。在这里，我们分析了相机陷阱数据，以评估在没有自然捕食者的情况下，两种有蹄类动物如何在一个 60 公里的以人类为主导的 UPA 中权衡恐惧和食物。我们发现野猪（Sus scrofa）主要在夜间活动，而狍（Capreolus capreolus）则表现出典型的双相黄昏活动模式。占有率分析表明，落叶林和用于狩猎的高座位的存在对野猪的空间利用起着重要作用。对于狍，我们发现森林的存在影响了其空间利用，尽管在顶级模型中保留了空模型。我们的结果证实，野猪和狍能够在以高强度娱乐活动和狩猎为特征的高度人为主导的景观中茁壮成长，例如嵌入城市基质的保护区。
