Phytoremediation of acid mine drainage using by-product of lysine fermentation.

The main point of this research is to assess the applicability of condensed molasses soluble (CMS), which is an organic by-product of lysine fermentation, as an environmentally friendly complexing agent in rhizofiltration of heavy metal contaminated acid mine drainage (AMD). First, the ecotoxicological properties (growth inhibition, seed germination) of CMS were examined with often applied indicator plant species such as duckweed (Lemna minor) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) so as to define the possible applicable CMS concentration. Then the heavy metal accumulation and translocation properties of root accumulator plant species, i.e. common reed (Phragmites australis) and sedge (Carex flacca), were studied to optimize CMS concentration for rhizofiltration. Due to the CMS application, significant increase in bioaccumulation was detected in the case of every examined heavy metal (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) at the end of the experiment. Results also showed that CMS increased the heavy metal concentration in shoots, but did not affect the root accumulation characteristics of the plants. Furthermore, CMS treated plants accumulated heavy metals at higher rates in their roots compared to control. The results suggest that CMS is a viable additive and a complexing agent to aid rhizofiltration of heavy metal contaminated AMD.