Huang Lei, Anastas Nicholas, Egeghy Peter, Vallero Daniel A, Jolliet Olivier, Bare Jane
School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US EPA Office of Research and Development, 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA, 02109, USA.
Int J Life Cycle Assess. 2019 Jun 1;24(6):1009-1026. doi: 10.1007/s11367-018-1551-8.
There do not currently exist scientifically defensible ways to consistently characterize the human exposures (via various pathways) to near-field chemical emissions and associated health impacts during the use stage of building materials. The present paper thus intends to provide a roadmap which summarizes the current status and guides future development for integrating into LCA the chemical exposures and health impacts on various users of building materials, with a focus on building occupants.
We first review potential human health impacts associated with the substances in building materials and the methods used to mitigate these impacts, also identifying several of the most important online data resources. A brief overview of the necessary steps for characterizing use stage chemical exposures and health impacts for building materials is then provided. Finally, we propose a systematic approach to integrate the use stage exposures and health impacts into building material LCA and describe its components, and then present a case study illustrating the application of the proposed approach to two representative chemicals: formaldehyde and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in particleboard products.
Our proposed approach builds on the coupled near-field and far-field framework proposed by Fantke et al. (Environ Int 94:508-518, 2016), which is based on the product intake fraction (PiF) metric proposed by Jolliet et al. (Environ Sci Technol 49:8924-8931, 2015), The proposed approach consists of three major components: characterization of product usage and chemical content, human exposures, and toxicity, for which available methods and data sources are reviewed and research gaps are identified. The case study illustrates the difference in dominant exposure pathways between formaldehyde and MDI and also highlights the impact of timing and use duration (e.g., the initial 50 days of the use stage vs. the remaining 15 years) on the exposures and health impacts for the building occupants.
The proposed approach thus provides the methodological basis for integrating into LCA the human health impacts associated with chemical exposures during the use stage of building materials. Data and modeling gaps which currently prohibit the application of the proposed systematic approach are discussed, including the need for chemical composition data, exposure models, and toxicity data. Research areas that are not currently focused on are also discussed, such as worker exposures and complex materials. Finally, future directions for integrating the use stage impacts of building materials into decision making in a tiered approach are discussed.
目前不存在科学上可辩护的方法来持续表征在建筑材料使用阶段人类通过各种途径接触近场化学排放物的情况以及相关的健康影响。因此，本文旨在提供一个路线图，总结当前状况并指导未来发展，以便将建筑材料对各类使用者（重点是建筑居住者）的化学暴露和健康影响纳入生命周期评估（LCA）。
我们首先回顾与建筑材料中的物质相关的潜在人类健康影响以及用于减轻这些影响的方法，还识别了几个最重要的在线数据资源。然后简要概述表征建筑材料使用阶段化学暴露和健康影响所需的步骤。最后，我们提出一种系统方法，将使用阶段的暴露和健康影响纳入建筑材料生命周期评估，并描述其组成部分，接着给出一个案例研究，说明所提出的方法在刨花板产品中两种代表性化学品（甲醛和二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI））上的应用。
我们提出的方法基于Fantke等人（《环境国际》94:508 - 518，2016年）提出的近场和远场耦合框架，该框架基于Jolliet等人（《环境科学与技术》49:8924 - 8931，2015年）提出的产品摄入分数（PiF）指标。所提出的方法包括三个主要组成部分：产品使用和化学成分表征、人类暴露以及毒性，针对这些部分回顾了可用方法和数据来源并识别了研究差距。案例研究说明了甲醛和MDI之间主要暴露途径的差异，还突出了时间和使用持续时间（例如使用阶段的最初50天与剩余15年）对建筑居住者暴露和健康影响的作用。
因此，所提出的方法为将建筑材料使用阶段与化学暴露相关的人类健康影响纳入生命周期评估提供了方法学基础。讨论了目前阻碍应用所提出的系统方法的数据和建模差距，包括对化学成分数据、暴露模型和毒性数据的需求。还讨论了当前未重点关注的研究领域，如工人暴露和复杂材料。最后，讨论了将建筑材料使用阶段影响纳入分层决策的未来方向。
