A geometric approach to separate the effects of magnetic susceptibility and chemical shift/exchange in a phantom with isotropic magnetic susceptibility.

PURPOSE

To separate the effects of magnetic susceptibility and chemical shift/exchange in a phantom with isotropic magnetic susceptibility, and to generate a chemical shift/exchange-corrected QSM result.

METHODS

Magnetic susceptibility and chemical shift/exchange are the properties of a material. Both are known to induce the resonance frequency shift in MRI. In current QSM, the susceptibility is reconstructed from the frequency shift, ignoring the contribution of the chemical shift/exchange. In this work, a simple geometric approach, which averages the frequency shift maps from three orthogonal B directions to generate a chemical shift/exchange map, is developed using the fact that the average nullifies the (isotropic) susceptibility effects. The resulting chemical shift/exchange map is subtracted from the total frequency shift, producing a frequency shift map solely from susceptibility. Finally, this frequency shift map is reconstructed to a susceptibility map using a QSM algorithm. The proposed method is validated in numerical simulations and applied to phantom experiments with olive oil, bovine serum albumin, ferritin, and iron oxide solutions.

RESULTS

Both simulations and experiments confirm that the method successfully separates the contributions of the susceptibility and chemical shift/exchange, reporting the susceptibility and chemical shift/exchange of olive oil (susceptibility: 0.62 ppm, chemical shift: -3.60 ppm), bovine serum albumin (susceptibility: -0.059 ppm, chemical shift: 0.008 ppm), ferritin (susceptibility: 0.125 ppm, chemical shift: -0.005 ppm), and iron oxide (susceptibility: 0.30 ppm, chemical shift: -0.039 ppm) solutions.

CONCLUSION

The proposed method successfully separates the susceptibility and chemical shift/exchange in phantoms with isotropic magnetic susceptibility.