Effects of environmental explanation using three-dimensional tactile maps for orientation and mobility training.

We developed a new kit to assemble three-dimensional (3D) tactile maps for orientation and mobility (O&M) training provided to persons with visual impairments. This study evaluated the effects of verbal explanations combined with 3D tactile map kits in improving understanding, recall, and walking along an unfamiliar route in comparison with the effects of only verbal explanation. The 3D tactile maps provided participants having severe visual impairments and little experience with tactile maps with a better understanding and recall of the environmental information concerning the route and landmarks. Participants who used the 3D tactile maps could find specific landmarks set as tasks more accurately and arrive at the destination alone getting lost less frequently. Tactile maps composed of 3D points, lines, and areal parts are useful as a support aid for O&M training because they have high tactile readability and can provide the environmental information that individuals with visual impairment require.