Better Life Laboratories, Inc., 293 George Road, East Calais, VT, USA.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2020 Dec;62:126607. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126607. Epub 2020 Jul 9.
Although manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient, recent research has revealed that excess Mn in early childhood may have adverse effects on neurodevelopment.
We estimated daily total Mn intake due to breast milk at average body weights by reviewing reported concentrations of breast milk Mn and measurements of body weight and breast milk intake at 3 weeks, 4.25 months, 7 months, and 18 months. We compared these figures to the Mn content measured in 44 infant, follow-up, and toddler formulas purchased in the United States and France. We calculated Mn content of formula products made with ultra-trace elemental analysis grade water (0 μg Mn/L) and with water containing 250 μg Mn/L, a concentration which is relatively high but less than the World Health Organization Health-based value of 400 μg Mn/L or the United States Environmental Protection Agency Health Advisory of 350 μg Mn/L.
Estimated mean daily Mn intake from breast milk ranged from 1.2 μg Mn/kg/day (3 weeks) to 0.16 μg Mn/kg/day (18 months), with the highest intakes at the youngest age stage we considered, 3 weeks. Estimated daily Mn intake from formula products reconstituted with 0 μg Mn/L water ranged from 130 μg Mn/kg/day (3 weeks) to 4.8 μg Mn/kg/day (18 months) with the highest intakes at 3 weeks. Formula products provided 28-520 times greater than the mean daily intake of Mn from breast milk for the 4 age stages that we considered. Estimated daily Mn intake from formula products reconstituted with water containing 250 μg Mn/L ranged from 12 μg Mn/kg/day to 170 μg Mn/kg/day, which exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency Reference Dose of 140 μg Mn/kg/day for adults.
Mn deficiency is highly unlikely with exclusive breast milk or infant formula feeding, but established tolerable daily intake levels for Mn may be surpassed by some of these products when following labeled instructions.
尽管锰（Mn）是一种必需的营养物质，但最近的研究表明，幼儿期过量的 Mn 可能对神经发育有不良影响。
我们通过查阅母乳中 Mn 的报告浓度以及在 3 周、4.25 个月、7 个月和 18 个月时的体重和母乳摄入量的测量值，来估计由于母乳喂养而导致的每日总 Mn 摄入量。我们将这些数据与在美国和法国购买的 44 种婴儿、后续配方和幼儿配方的 Mn 含量进行了比较。我们还计算了使用超痕量元素分析级水（0μg Mn/L）和含 250μg Mn/L 水配制的配方产品的 Mn 含量，该浓度相对较高，但低于世界卫生组织基于健康的 400μg Mn/L 值或美国环保署基于健康的 350μg Mn/L 建议值。
从母乳中摄取的 Mn 的估计日均值范围从 1.2μg Mn/kg/天（3 周）到 0.16μg Mn/kg/天（18 个月），最高摄入量出现在我们考虑的最年轻阶段，即 3 周。用 0μg Mn/L 水配制的配方产品的估计每日 Mn 摄入量范围从 130μg Mn/kg/天（3 周）到 4.8μg Mn/kg/天（18 个月），最高摄入量出现在 3 周。配方产品提供的 Mn 日摄入量是我们考虑的 4 个年龄阶段从母乳中摄取 Mn 的日均值的 28-520 倍。用含 250μg Mn/L 水配制的配方产品的估计每日 Mn 摄入量范围从 12μg Mn/kg/天到 170μg Mn/kg/天，超过了美国环保署对成人的 Mn 耐受日摄入量 140μg Mn/kg/天的参考剂量。
仅母乳喂养或婴儿配方喂养不太可能导致 Mn 缺乏，但按照标签说明使用这些产品时，其中一些产品可能会超过既定的 Mn 耐受日摄入量。
