Better Life Laboratories, Inc., 293 George Road, East Calais, VT, USA.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2021 May;65:126710. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126710. Epub 2020 Dec 25.
Recent research has uncovered the potential for excess manganese (Mn) intakes causing significant neurotoxic effects for early brain development.
We identified the Mn tolerable intakes (TI) published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM), World Health Organization (WHO), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and examined the primary studies on which regulatory TIs are based. We converted the TIs to μg of Mn/kg/day using standard assumptions specific to each agency. We estimated μg of Mn/kg/day intakes due to formulas. Using our estimates for formula intakes, weights, and kcal content, we converted regulatory maxima and minima from μg of Mn/100 kcals to estimates of μg of Mn/kg/day.
Except for the proposed ANSES TI for drinking water, none of the primary studies on which Mn intake guidelines and regulations are based measured health outcomes. Some infant formulas may exceed the regulatory TIs, especially if prepared with water containing considerable concentrations of Mn (e.g. 250 μg/L), even while meeting national and international regulatory standards or guidelines.
Infant formula regulations must be revised to reduce the potential for excess manganese intakes and the practice of manganese supplementation of infant formulas should be ceased.
最近的研究揭示了过量摄入锰（Mn）可能对早期大脑发育产生重大神经毒性影响。
我们确定了美国医学研究所（IOM）、世界卫生组织（WHO）、法国国家卫生安全署（ANSES）和美国环境保护署（US EPA）发布的 Mn 可耐受摄入量（TI），并检查了基于监管 TI 的主要研究。我们使用每个机构特有的标准假设将 TI 转换为μg Mn/kg/天。我们使用公式计算了μg Mn/kg/天的摄入量。利用我们对公式摄入量、体重和千卡含量的估计，我们将监管上限和下限从μg Mn/100 千卡转换为μg Mn/kg/天的估计值。
除了拟议的 ANSES 饮用水 TI 外，Mn 摄入量指南和法规所依据的主要研究均未测量健康结果。一些婴儿配方奶粉的摄入量可能超过监管 TI，尤其是如果用含有相当浓度 Mn 的水制备（例如 250μg/L），即使符合国家和国际监管标准或指南。
必须修订婴儿配方奶粉法规，以减少过量摄入锰的风险，并停止对婴儿配方奶粉进行锰补充的做法。
