Genome-wide analysis of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., from Brassica crops and wild host plants reveals no genetic structure in Australia.

Molecular studies of population structure can reveal insight into the movement patterns of mobile insect pests in agricultural landscapes. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., a destructive pest of Brassica vegetable and oilseed crops worldwide, seasonally colonizes winter canola crops in southern Australia from alternative host plant sources. To investigate movement, we collected 59 P. xylostella populations from canola crops, Brassica vegetable and forage crops and brassicaceous wild host plants throughout southern Australia in 2014 and 2015 and genotyped 833 individuals using RAD-seq for genome-wide analysis. Despite a geographic sampling scale > 3,000 km and a statistically powerful set of 1,032 SNP markers, there was no genetic differentiation among P. xylostella populations irrespective of geographic location, host plant or sampling year, and no evidence for isolation-by-distance. Hierarchical STRUCTURE analysis at K = 2-5 showed nearly uniform ancestry in both years. Cluster analysis showed divergence of a small number of individuals at several locations, possibly reflecting an artefact of sampling related individuals. It is likely that genetic homogeneity within Australian P. xylostella largely reflects the recent colonization history of this species but is maintained through some level of present gene flow. Use of genome-wide neutral markers was uninformative for revealing the seasonal movements of P. xylostella within Australia, but may provide more insight in other global regions where the species has higher genetic diversity.