Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, 801 Encino Place Northeast, C14, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA.
Department of Family, Community and Preventive Medicine, Family Medicine Residency, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 1300 North 12th Street #605, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA.
Prim Care. 2020 Sep;47(3):483-495. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2020.05.004. Epub 2020 May 26.
Vaccines can prevent illness but are effective only if they reach a majority of the population at risk. Disparities based on many factors, such as race and ethnicity, economic status, and rural versus urban locations of residents, are ongoing issues in the United States. Reasons for disparities include cost, access, coverage, attitudes/beliefs, and systems issues. At the government level, programs like Vaccines for Children, Medicaid reform, Medicare, and state efforts funded in part by 317 grants have helped reduce but not eliminate disparities. At a practice level, vaccine disparities can be addressed by community outreach and systems to offer and deliver vaccines.
疫苗可以预防疾病，但只有当它们覆盖到大多数处于危险中的人群时才会有效。在美国，基于许多因素（如种族和民族、经济地位以及居民的城乡位置）的差异仍然是一个持续存在的问题。造成差异的原因包括费用、可及性、覆盖范围、态度/信念以及系统问题。在政府层面，儿童疫苗计划、医疗补助改革、医疗保险和部分由 317 项拨款资助的州级努力等项目，有助于减少但未能消除差异。在实践层面，可以通过社区外展和提供及交付疫苗的系统来解决疫苗差异问题。
