Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia.
School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia.
Toxicon. 2020 Oct 30;186:46-57. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.023. Epub 2020 Jul 28.
Pimelea poisoning of cattle, historically known as St. George Disease or Marree Disease, is a prevailing issue in arid grazing regions of inland Australia. Ingestion of the toxic native Pimelea species that contain the secondary metabolite simplexin, a diterpene orthoester with potent protein kinase C activity, induces diarrhoea, characteristic oedema and potentially fatal right-sided heart failure in cattle. Outbreaks of toxic Pimelea in the grazing field depend on seasonal prevalence. However, all stages of the plant carry the toxin, from seeds, juvenile plants to dead plant material. Livestock generally avoid consuming green Pimelea plants and only consume toxic Pimelea when pasture is minimal or where Pimelea growing through grass tussocks results in inadvertent ingestion. Our knowledge base of Pimelea poisoning has greatly improved with past research, yet the health hazards for livestock grazing in Pimelea affected pastures remains a significant issue whilst the ongoing search to develop effective strategies to mitigate poisoning continues. The goal of this review is to collate historical and recent research giving an overview of the current understandings of Pimelea poisoning, the toxin, its toxic effects and progress made towards remedies to alleviate the effects of Pimelea intoxication.
牛蒡中毒，在历史上被称为圣乔治病或马里病，是澳大利亚内陆干旱放牧地区普遍存在的问题。摄入含有次生代谢物 simplexin 的有毒本地 Pimelea 物种， simplexin 是一种具有强大蛋白激酶 C 活性的二萜 orthoester，会导致牛腹泻、特征性水肿，并可能导致右侧心力衰竭而致命。放牧场有毒 Pimelea 的爆发取决于季节性流行情况。然而，植物的所有阶段都携带毒素，从种子、幼株到死植物材料。牲畜通常避免食用绿色 Pimelea 植物，只有在牧场不足或 Pimelea 通过草丛生长导致意外摄入时才会食用有毒 Pimelea。过去的研究极大地提高了我们对 Pimelea 中毒的认识，但在继续寻找有效减轻中毒的策略的同时，牲畜在受 Pimelea 影响的牧场上放牧的健康危害仍然是一个重大问题。本综述的目的是汇集历史和最近的研究，概述当前对 Pimelea 中毒、毒素、其毒性作用以及在减轻 Pimelea 中毒影响的补救措施方面取得的进展的理解。
