Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Water Res. 2020 Sep 15;183:116064. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116064. Epub 2020 Jun 18.
In this article, we present a critical review of the reported performance of reverse osmosis (RO) and capacitive deionization (CDI) for brackish water (salinity < 5.0 g/L) desalination from the aspects of engineering, energy, economy and environment. We first illustrate the criteria and the key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of brackish water desalination. We then systematically summarize technological information of RO and CDI, focusing on the effect of key parameters on desalination performance, as well as energy-water efficiency, economic costs and environmental impacts (including carbon footprint). We provide in-depth discussion on the interconnectivity between desalination and energy, and the trade-off between kinetics and energetics for RO and CDI as critical factors for comparison. We also critique the results of technical-economic assessment for RO and CDI plants in the context of large-scale deployment, with focus on lifetime-oriented consideration to total costs, balance between energy efficiency and clean water production, and pretreatment/post-treatment requirements. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities for future brackish water desalination, including hybridization for energy-efficient brackish water desalination, co-removal of specific components in brackish water, and sustainable brine management with innovative utilization. Our study reveals that both RO and CDI should play important roles in water reclamation and resource recovery from brackish water, especially for inland cities or rural regions.
本文从工程、能源、经济和环境等方面对反渗透（RO）和电容去离子（CDI）用于淡化咸水（盐度<5.0 g/L）的性能进行了批判性回顾。我们首先阐述了评估咸水淡化性能的标准和关键性能指标。然后，我们系统地总结了 RO 和 CDI 的技术信息，重点讨论了关键参数对脱盐性能的影响，以及能源-水效率、经济成本和环境影响（包括碳足迹）。我们深入讨论了脱盐与能源的相互关系，以及 RO 和 CDI 的动力学与能量学之间的权衡，这是进行比较的关键因素。我们还在大规模部署的背景下对 RO 和 CDI 工厂的技术经济评估结果进行了评估，重点关注全生命周期成本、能源效率与清洁水生产之间的平衡，以及预处理/后处理要求。最后，我们说明了未来咸水淡化的挑战和机遇，包括用于节能咸水淡化的混合、咸水中特定成分的共去除，以及具有创新性利用的可持续盐水管理。我们的研究表明，RO 和 CDI 都应在从咸水中回收水和资源方面发挥重要作用，特别是对于内陆城市或农村地区。
