Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and overall water splitting reactions.

Rational design and synthesis of efficient metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as electrode modifiers for energy-related electrocatalytic applications are crucial for the development of clean-energy technologies. The present review focuses on recent work on robust earth-abundant heterogeneous catalysts based on pristine MOFs for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water splitting. These catalysts have been extensively studied as alternatives for noble metal-based ones, demonstrating "hydrogen economy" development prospects. In addition, novel strategies to enhance the conductivity, chemical stability and efficiency of MOF-based electrocatalysts are discussed. The best electrocatalysts even surpass the achievements of the platinum group of metals and MOF-derived catalysts in catalytic performance. The electrolytic cells with MOF-modified electrodes demonstrated excellent catalytic activity and can deliver a high current density at a voltage lower than that using the precious metal-based Pt/C cathodes and IrO2 anodes. In this review article, current approaches to design such MOF and MOF-modified electrode materials are summarized and analyzed.