Chemical modification of tannins from Acacia mearnsii to produce formaldehyde free flocculant.

Flocculants and coagulants market is expected to grow in a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.9% between 2017 and 2022. The development of non-pollutant coagulants/flocculants aiming to replace conventional ones, usually toxic, has been extensively studied and one alternative is the possibility of obtaining tannin-based flocculants, compounds present in many plants and easily extracted. However, in order to use tannins as flocculants, their cationization is necessary, which is normally accomplished by Mannich reaction that requires formaldehyde addition, a toxic compound. In order to fill a gap in the literature, regarding coagulants/flocculants synthesis through green procedures, this paper aims to synthesize a flocculant from tannins with no use of formaldehyde, and optimize this synthesis through a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The optimization variables were ammonium hydroxide (NHOH) to tannin ratio, in the range of 1:1 to 5:1, and reaction time, in the range of 1 to 4 h The evaluation of the synthesized flocculant samples was accomplished by jar tests using a simulated effluent containing humic acid and the effect of reactant ratio and reaction time used in the synthesis was assessed. The flocculant synthesis methodology proposed on this study showed excellent results regarding turbidity and color removal, since 100% of turbidity removal and 89.9% of color removal were achieved. This novel tannin-based flocculant synthesis methodology is a promising technology to replace conventional coagulants/flocculants, once it is environmentally friendly.