Expertise differences in a 2D animation simulation decision-making task: The influence of presentation speed on performance.

This article investigates the effect of using different playing speeds of 2D animation on the decision accuracy and reaction times of elite footballers. Groups of players from different age categories (under 16, under 18 and under 23 year olds) elite academy footballers watched 2D animations at five different ratios of real-life speed (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 times real-world speed). Participants responded by choosing, from a number of options, which was the best attacking option in each 2D animation clip. After each clip, players also rated each clip for how "game-like" or realistic the scenario felt. Results showed a significant difference between all groups, whereby participants became faster and more accurate by age. Also, the result of "game-like" perception probing which compared perception in each group to each speed showed that the under 16 age group had statistically lower perception accuracy compared to the under 18 and under 23 age groups. This highlights that the more expertise a player has the faster information is processed.