West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia.
University of North Texas, System College of Pharmacy, Fort Worth, Texas.
Am J Pharm Educ. 2020 Jul;84(7):ajpe7624. doi: 10.5688/ajpe7624.
To develop a questionnaire for measuring entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions among student pharmacists and to identify characteristics and personality traits that are associated with these intentions. A 105-item survey instrument was developed and administered to all Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students (incoming to third year) at a large public university. It consisted of nine scales pertaining to entrepreneurism including previously validated and some newly developed scales adapted for use among student pharmacists. Data analysis consisted of factor analysis to determine scale constructs, reliability assessment, and systematic item-reduction analysis. Multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling was used to determine and confirm the association of personality traits and demographic characteristics with entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions. Of 289 students surveyed, 286 useable survey instruments were included in the analysis. Factor analysis was conducted for each scale, and items that did not load on their theorized factor or had cross-loadings above the permissible limits were removed, reducing the survey to 69 items. Findings demonstrated that gender, joint degree program, and autonomy were significant predictors of entrepreneurial intentions, and achievement motivation, leadership self-efficacy, and problem-solving were significant predictors of intrapreneurial intentions. A multi-dimensional questionnaire to measure entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of student pharmacists was developed and a few key predictors of such intentions were identified. When fully validated, the questionnaire may be used in pharmacy schools for several purposes, including in the PharmD admission process to gain additional insights into a student's potential to become a future innovative entrepreneurial or intrapreneurial practitioner.
开发一种用于测量药剂学学生创业和内部创业意向的问卷，并确定与这些意向相关的特征和个性特征。我们开发并向一所大型公立大学的所有药学博士（PharmD）学生（即将进入三年级）发放了一份包含 105 个项目的调查工具。它包括九个与企业家精神相关的量表，其中包括以前经过验证的和一些为药剂学学生改编的新开发的量表。数据分析包括因子分析以确定量表结构、可靠性评估和系统项目减少分析。多元线性回归和结构方程模型用于确定和确认个性特征和人口统计学特征与创业和内部创业意向的关联。在调查的 289 名学生中，有 286 份可用的调查工具被纳入分析。对每个量表进行了因子分析，那些未加载到其理论因子上或具有超过允许限制的交叉负荷的项目被删除，使调查减少到 69 个项目。研究结果表明，性别、联合学位项目和自主权是创业意向的重要预测因素，而成就动机、领导自我效能感和解决问题能力是内部创业意向的重要预测因素。开发了一种用于测量药剂学学生创业和内部创业意向的多维问卷，并确定了一些此类意向的关键预测因素。当完全验证后，该问卷可在药学院用于多种目的，包括在 PharmD 入学过程中，以更深入地了解学生成为未来创新型创业或内部创业实践者的潜力。
