Civil and Coastal Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America.
Civil and Coastal Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Dec 10;747:141272. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141272. Epub 2020 Jul 25.
Hurricane Harvey reached Category 4 when it made landfall on the coast of Texas in late August 2017. Harvey not only affected the coastal region with wind speeds that peaked near 50 m/s, it also dumped ~7.6 × 10 m of rain over 3 days. This rainfall was equivalent to the discharge of the Amazon River over the same period and made Harvey the wettest tropical cyclone to affect the United States. Winds and rainfall interacted to produce atypical storm surges along the coast and estuaries of Texas and compound flooding in the Houston region. Data from the NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services provided information on water levels in this region. The highest water levels, 3 m above predicted, occurred from August 27th to 29th at Buffalo Bayou in the uppermost reaches of the Galveston-Trinity-Tabbs-Burnet Bay system. The peak surge occurred on Aug 29th because of the triple punch of a) the ocean wind stress and corresponding surge, plus the rainfall-related land-derived discharge from b) Buffalo Bayou and then from c) the San Jacinto River. Winds from the ocean persisted during that 3-day period and drove onshore water transport. This transport, together with anomalously high mean sea levels and the coastline modifications in the upper bay system, delayed the seaward motion of the land-derived discharge. Numerical model simulations that turned forcings on and off, highlighted the importance of the two river pulses in causing the widespread flooding. Simulations also underscored the influence of the interaction between land-derived discharge and ocean-derived surge along different parts of the Houston-Galveston Bay system.
飓风“哈维”于 2017 年 8 月底在德克萨斯州沿海登陆时达到四级强度。“哈维”不仅给沿海地区带来了近 50m/s 的风速，还在 3 天内降下了约 7.6×10m 的降雨量。这一降雨量与同期亚马孙河的流量相当，使“哈维”成为影响美国的最潮湿的热带气旋。风和降雨相互作用，导致德克萨斯州沿海和河口地区出现非典型的风暴潮，并使休斯敦地区发生严重洪灾。美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的业务海洋学产品和服务中心提供了该地区的水位数据。最高水位出现在 8 月 27 日至 29 日，位于加尔维斯顿-三一-塔布斯-伯内特湾系统上游的布法罗湾，高出预测水位 3 米。8 月 29 日出现峰值潮位，原因是三重因素共同作用：a）海洋风应力和相应的潮位，加上 b）布法罗湾和 c）圣哈辛托河的降雨相关陆地径流。这三天，海洋风持续，推动了海水向陆地的输送。这种输送，加上异常高的平均海平面和上湾系统的海岸线改造，延迟了陆地径流的向外移动。打开和关闭强迫项的数值模型模拟，突出了这两条河流脉冲对造成广泛洪水的重要性。模拟还强调了休斯敦-加尔维斯顿湾系统不同部分的陆地径流和海洋潮位之间相互作用的影响。
