Tahmasebi Saeed, Azizi Gholamreza, Miladi Hosein, Shafiei Elham, Kamali Ali N, Hamedifar Haleh, Fayyaz Farimah, Rasouli Seyed Erfan, Kalvandi Mostafa, Mohammadi Hamed, Hassannia Hadi, Eslami Solat, Hamid Kabir Magaji, Mirshafiey Abbas
Dr. Tahmasebi is with the Research Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
Drs. Azizi and Mohammadi are with the Non-communicable Diseases Research Center at Alborz University of Medical Sciences in Karaj, Iran.
Innov Clin Neurosci. 2020 Apr 1;17(4-6):9-12.
Recent studies have reported observing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties of α-L-Guluronic acid (G2013) in animal and human studies. It has been theorized that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of G2013 might be beneficial in epilepsy treatment. We sought to determine G2013's effects on epileptic activity in a kindling-induced animal model. Thirty rats were randomly divided evenly into three groups (10 rats in each group): 1) the G2013 group, which was treated with daily injections of G2013 for five days prior to the start of the study; during the 14-day study period, the G2013 rats were given single, daily injections of G2013 that preceded single daily injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a compound used to induce seizures; 2) the Normal group, which only received injections of saline during the 14-day study, with no seizure induction; and 3) the Control group, which received PTZ injections alone (for seizure induction) for the 14-day study period. The latency between seizure stages and duration of seizures in the G2013 and Control groups were measured using a 5-stage seizure severity scale. Brain samples were taken from all three groups and analyzed histopathologically for parenchymal and meningeal inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, the brain samples were analyzed to determine gene expression levels of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). The G2013 group demonstrated lower latency between Stages 2 and 5 seizures, with significantly longer mean duration of Stage 5 seizures, compared to the Control group. No significant differences were observed between the three groups histopathologically nor were there any observed differences in gene expression levels. Our results demonstrated a greater predisposition to PTZ-induced seizures in the rats who received G2013 and PTZ compared to rats who received PTZ alone, suggesting that G2013's epileptogenic property overshadows its anti-inflammatory effects when applied to a kindled animal model of study.
最近的研究报告称，在动物和人体研究中观察到了α-L-古洛糖醛酸（G2013）的抗氧化、抗炎和抗衰老特性。从理论上讲，G2013的抗氧化和抗炎特性可能对癫痫治疗有益。我们试图在点燃诱导的动物模型中确定G2013对癫痫活动的影响。30只大鼠被随机平均分为三组（每组10只大鼠）：1）G2013组，在研究开始前连续五天每日注射G2013；在14天的研究期间，G2013组大鼠在每日单次注射用于诱导癫痫发作的化合物戊四氮（PTZ）之前，先每日单次注射G2013；2）正常组，在14天的研究期间仅接受生理盐水注射，不诱导癫痫发作；3）对照组，在14天的研究期间单独接受PTZ注射（用于诱导癫痫发作）。使用5级癫痫严重程度量表测量G2013组和对照组癫痫发作阶段之间的潜伏期和癫痫发作持续时间。从所有三组中采集脑样本，并进行组织病理学分析，以检测实质和脑膜炎症细胞浸润情况。此外，对脑样本进行分析，以确定白细胞介素-1-β（IL-1β）、IL-6、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、趋化因子（C-C基序）配体-2（CCL2）、环氧化酶-2（COX-2）和干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）的基因表达水平。与对照组相比，G2013组在第2阶段至第5阶段癫痫发作之间的潜伏期较短，第5阶段癫痫发作的平均持续时间明显更长。三组在组织病理学上未观察到显著差异，基因表达水平也未观察到任何差异。我们的结果表明，与单独接受PTZ的大鼠相比，接受G2013和PTZ的大鼠对PTZ诱导的癫痫发作更易感，这表明当应用于点燃动物研究模型时，G2013的致癫痫特性超过了其抗炎作用。
