Wagman Jeffrey B, Stoffregen Thomas A
Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA.
School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2020 Nov;82(8):3832-3841. doi: 10.3758/s13414-020-02108-w.
In the Ecological Approach to Perception and Action, affordances are emergent, higher-order relationships in an animal-environment system. In addition, perceivers should perceive such relationships directly, rather than by combining lower-order constituents of the affordance, such as non-affordance properties of the animal or the environment. In the present study, we investigated whether this latter claim applied to perception of superordinate affordances - affordances that emerge from relations between lower-order affordances. We asked whether perception of a superordinate affordance for reaching by different means would be reducible to a combination of lower-order constituents of that affordance. Participants reported the maximum height that they would be able to reach with their arm alone versus with a hand-held tool. In both cases, reported judgments of maximum reaching height differed from an additive model in which values were computed from a combination of perceived lower-order constituents of the affordance. The results are consistent with the ecological claim that affordances are perceived, "as such," rather than being computed or inferred from constituent properties, even when those constituent properties are, themselves, affordances.
在“生态感知与行动方法”中，可供性是动物 - 环境系统中涌现的高阶关系。此外，感知者应直接感知此类关系，而非通过组合可供性的低阶成分来感知，比如动物或环境的非可供性属性。在本研究中，我们调查了后一种说法是否适用于对上级可供性的感知——即从低阶可供性之间的关系中涌现出的可供性。我们询问，通过不同方式够取的上级可供性的感知是否可简化为该可供性低阶成分的组合。参与者报告了他们仅凭手臂以及使用手持工具时能够够到的最大高度。在这两种情况下，报告的最大够取高度判断均不同于一种加法模型，在该模型中，数值是根据可供性的感知低阶成分的组合来计算的。结果与生态观点一致，即可供性是“如此这般”被感知的，而非从构成属性计算或推断得出，即便那些构成属性本身就是可供性。
