Fries Chelsea N, Curvino Elizabeth J, Chen Jui-Lin, Permar Sallie R, Fouda Genevieve G, Collier Joel H
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
Nat Nanotechnol. 2021 Apr;16(4):1-14. doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-0739-9. Epub 2020 Aug 17.
Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria and tuberculosis. Nanotechnology approaches are being developed both to design new vaccines against these diseases as well as to facilitate their global implementation. The reasons why a given pathogen may present difficulties for vaccine design are unique and tied to the co-evolutionary history of the pathogen and humans, but there are common challenges that nanotechnology is beginning to help address. In each case, a successful vaccine will need to raise immune responses that differ from the immune responses raised by normal infection. Nanomaterials, with their defined compositions, commonly modular construction, and length scales allowing the engagement of key immune pathways, collectively facilitate the iterative design process necessary to identify such protective immune responses and achieve them reliably. Nanomaterials also provide strategies for engineering the trafficking and delivery of vaccine components to key immune cells and lymphoid tissues, and they can be highly multivalent, improving their engagement with the immune system. This Review will discuss these aspects along with recent nanomaterial advances towards vaccines against infectious disease, with a particular emphasis on HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
尽管疫苗在预防传染病方面取得了巨大成功，但仍有许多全球范围内极具破坏力的疾病尚未有完全有效的疫苗，尤其是人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、疟疾和结核病。纳米技术方法正在不断发展，用于设计针对这些疾病的新型疫苗，并促进其在全球范围内的应用。特定病原体在疫苗设计中可能面临困难的原因各不相同，且与病原体和人类的共同进化历史相关，但纳米技术正开始帮助应对一些共同挑战。在每种情况下，成功的疫苗都需要引发与正常感染所引发的免疫反应不同的免疫反应。纳米材料具有明确的组成、通常模块化的结构以及能够激活关键免疫途径的长度尺度，共同促进了识别此类保护性免疫反应并可靠实现它们所需的迭代设计过程。纳米材料还提供了将疫苗成分运输和递送至关键免疫细胞及淋巴组织的工程策略，并且它们可以具有高度多价性，从而增强与免疫系统的相互作用。本综述将讨论这些方面以及纳米材料在传染病疫苗方面的最新进展，特别关注HIV/艾滋病、疟疾和结核病。
