PROMENTA Research Center.
Department of Psychology.
Dev Psychol. 2020 Oct;56(10):1919-1934. doi: 10.1037/dev0001102. Epub 2020 Aug 27.
Adolescence and young adulthood are characterized by substantial sociodemographic, family, social, and personality changes that may influence loneliness. Although loneliness is a public health challenge, we know little about how loneliness develops during these periods. Our study addresses this lacuna by using 4-wave longitudinal data from 3,116 Norwegians aged 13 to 31 years, making use of questionnaire (key facets and correlates of loneliness) and register linkage information (midlife outcomes). Analyses revealed that when asking directly about feeling lonely and for emotional facets, loneliness increased from early adolescence to age mid-20s, whereas social facets of loneliness declined gradually and plateaued when people had reached their mid-20s. Several predictors operated consistently across loneliness facets, whereas others operated in facet-specific ways. To illustrate, perceiving one's parents as caring, having close friends, not leaving the parental home before age 18, and reporting more agency were each associated with less loneliness across assessment modes. In contrast, when asked directly, women reported more loneliness than men at all ages, whereas men reported more social loneliness. Finally, adolescents and young adults who reported feeling lonely and/or increased in loneliness were consistently at higher risk for disability and lower income in midlife, whereas other important midlife outcomes including education, labor market inclusion, and prescriptions of antidepressants exhibited facet-specific associations. Our study is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of loneliness development throughout the second and third decade of life and highlights the multidimensionality and multidirectionality of loneliness trajectories and correlates across adolescence and early adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
青春期和青年期的特点是社会人口统计学、家庭、社会和个性发生重大变化，这些变化可能会影响孤独感。尽管孤独感是一个公共卫生挑战，但我们对孤独感在这些时期是如何发展的知之甚少。我们的研究通过使用来自 3116 名年龄在 13 岁至 31 岁的挪威人的 4 波纵向数据来解决这一空白，这些数据利用了问卷调查（孤独感的关键方面和相关因素）和登记册链接信息（中年结果）。分析表明，当直接询问感到孤独和情感方面时，孤独感从青少年早期到 20 多岁中期逐渐增加，而孤独感的社交方面逐渐下降，并在 20 多岁中期趋于稳定。几个预测因素在孤独感的各个方面都起作用，而其他因素则以特定方面的方式起作用。例如，感知父母的关怀、有亲密的朋友、18 岁前不离开父母的家、报告更多的能动性都与各评估模式下的孤独感减少有关。相比之下，当直接询问时，女性在所有年龄段都比男性报告更多的孤独感，而男性则报告更多的社交孤独感。最后，报告感到孤独和/或孤独感增加的青少年和年轻人在中年时一直处于更高的残疾和低收入风险中，而其他重要的中年结果，包括教育、劳动力市场参与和抗抑郁药的处方，都表现出特定方面的关联。我们的研究首次提供了一幅贯穿第二和第三十年的孤独感发展的全面图景，并强调了孤独感轨迹和相关因素在青春期和成年早期的多维性和多向性。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。
